a review of the different standard methods of measuring the tubular braiding angle

The simplicity of the braiding, wide variety and high strength of the braid structure are the factors that make this structure, i.e., braid, so essential. these factors also make this structure widely used in various industries, such as aerospace, automotive, medicine, and industrial products such as umbrella ropes, composite boosters, aircraft engine vanes, and medical implants. therefore, studying the mechanical properties of this structure and obtaining products with desirable mechanical properties has been considered by researchers and the subject of many types of research. due to the importance of the braiding angle and its relation with the mechanical properties of the braid structures as the fundamental parameter, this paper evaluates different methods of measuring the tubular braiding angles. the braiding angle measurement has been done using different methods. these methods include two general categories called computational methods and image processing techniques. the different methods of each category, their advantages and disadvantages are investigated separately, then the most accurate methods can be selected by users according to the available facilities. this paper aims to provide a comparative summary of different methods of measuring the tubular braiding angle. this innovative review of these methods allows researchers and manufacturers to select and use the most appropriate method with the highest accuracy according to their conditions and facilities.