improvement of anaerobic sludge granulation and biogas production by bone powder as a natural material

Soft drinks are industrial intermediate chemicals found in wastewater and are among the most significant environmental pollutants. up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) reactors are used to treat soft drink wastewater, offering high-volume loading capacity, optimal grain deposition, and the ability to bear impact loads. the use of support materials can enhance biological productivity and expedite the uasb start-up period. in this study, bone powder was utilized as a support material in a uasb reactor to remove contaminants from wastewater. during the 70-day sludge adaptation period, the treatment reactor achieved a 93% reduction in cod, while the control reactor achieved a 65% reduction. biogas production was higher in the bone powder uasb reactor (1750 ml/d) compared to the control uasb reactor (1100 ml/d), and the bone powder uasb reactor demonstrated greater resistance to shock loading. the improvement in sludge settling, shear strength, and higher biological activity in the bone powder uasb reactor was attributed to the formation of large granular sludge. the size of the granular sludge increased further with the colonization of filamentous bacteria at the irregular levels of bone powder.