an electric vehicle routing problem with battery swap and battery recharge approach

This study integrates the problem of locating and routing electric and conventional vehicles besides considering greenhouse gases emission. this problem is a subset of the problems of locating and routing and the green routing problem in which a combination of electric and conventional vehicles is used. the advantage of this model is the aid of the utilization of electric vehicle technology to reduce the elimination of greenhouse gases. this model can be used in the design of the transport and logistics system of organizations and companies. many models have been developed and applied concerning electric vehicles. however, this type of composition and its use is subject to environmental requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. we also assumed the capability of recharging and battery replacement in the model. the model for different samples was solved using gams software and a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (mopso) algorithm. besides, the impact of increasing the tax on greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions was tested on electric vehicle usage, amount of ghg emissions, and system costs. the results show that the model can be used to design the transport and logistics systems of organizations to impose the least charges besides emitting the least greenhouse gases.