مطالعه ساختاری سفال های منطقه هورامان استان کردستان (محوطه های سرچم، برده مار و کناچه)

در کاوش های نجات بخشی سد داریان منطقه هورامان در استان کردستان چندین مکان کاوش شدند که محوطه های سرچم، برده مار و کناچه ازجمله آن ها هستند. در این سه محوطه آثار دوره اسلامی، دوران تاریخی، عصر آهن i، مفرغ متاخر، و دوره مس سنگی شناسایی شد که شناخت منابع خاک سفال های آن به دلیل شیوه معیشت این ناحیه که جمعیتی متحرک دارد، حائز اهمیت است. کوهستانی بودن منطقه هورامان و قرارگیری آن در مجاورت منطقه زاگرس مرکزی و بین النهرین باعث شده تا شیوه معیشت مردمان باستانی آن مورد سوال باشد و شناخت منابع خاک سفال ها می تواند اطلاعات مفیدی در مورد منشا جغرافیایی سفال های ناحیه و استفاده کنندگان آن در اختیار قرار دهد. برای این هدف تعداد 42 عدد سفال از سه مکان شامل غار کناچه و دو محوطه برده مار و سرچم برای آزمایش xrd و xrf انتخاب شد. علاوه بر نمونه های سفال، 3 نمونه خاک از اطراف این محوطه ها نیز مورد آزمایش xrd و xrf قرار گرفت. محوطه برده مار و کناچه متعلق به دوره اسلامی و محوطه سرچم چهار دوره زمانی از دوران تاریخی تا دوره مس سنگی را دربر می گیرد. تنوع محوطه ها، تنوع کاربری مکان ها و نیز گوناگونی سبک های سفالی بر جامع بودن شناخت ما از منابع خاک سفال های باستانی منجر شده است. بر اساس نمونه های موجود، احتمالاً سفال های هر سه محوطه در دوره های شناسایی شده تولید محلی است و تشابه زیادی باهم دارند. این تشابه در طول زمان و نیز در مقایسه با ترکیب خاکه ای منطقه دیده می شود و تمامی گونه های سفال حتی نمونه هایی که دارای نسبت کمی در مجموعه سفال ها بودند از خاک های محلی ساخته شده اند. این نتایج برای غار کناچه که احتمالاً توسط رمه گردانان مورد استفاده بوده اند نیز صادق است.

Compositional Study of the Potteries from Sarcham, Bardemar and Kenacheh Sites, Hawraman Area, Kurdistan Province, Iran

The archaeological sites, including the Sarcham, Bardemar and Kenacheh were excavated during the Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (DDASP) in the Hawraman region, west of the Kurdistan province, western Iran. These sites are adjacent to the Sirwan River. Bardemar is an openair site and Kenacheh is a cave site. Both sites contain the material cultures of the late Islamic period with simple brown potteries. Mica was the temper which used for making the potteries, so their tempers are shiny and reflect easily the light. The potteries of these two sites were handmade and not wellfired. The Sarcham is a multiperiod site and was recognized the records of Parthian/Sassanid period, Iron Age I, late Bronze Age and Chalcolithic period. The historical period potteries are mostly orange and wheelmade. While, the Iron Age I potteries are divided to buff, orange and grey colors. The grey wares are less abundant. These potteries that have temper were mostly handmade and underfired. The same characteristic can be seen in those of the Bronze Age. Potteries related to the Chalcolithic period are categorized into two groups of red slipped and the buff wares. The latter ones that are occasionally characterized by blackonbuff decoration are in minority. During this period the strawtemper was mostly used for tempering the potteries, where they were mostly underfired. Totally 42 potsherds were selected for Xray diffraction (XRD) and Xray fluorescence (XRF) analysis including 14 samples from Bardeh Mar, 8 samples from Kenacheh and 20 samples from Sarcham. Some factors that could help to better characterize the soils, including variety of sites in which the potteries are found, their uses and the pottery styles, were used to provenance the potteries of this study. In addition to the data of the potteries, data of three soil samples surrounding the excavated sites were generated. The XRD data showed that calcite, quartz, clay minerals, feldspar and iron oxides are the main potteryforming minerals, while the calcite, quartz and clay minerals are the main soilforming minerals. The XRD data suggests derivation of few potteries from nonlocal materials. However, the XRF data from the potteries revealed that all the samples are cogenetic and originated from the soils of the same geological formation. All the excavated sites are located on the same rock types or the alluvium derived from them. The rocks and consequently the derived alluvium (soils) were formed as the result of the same geological process (es). This is the evidence confirming the results obtained by the XRF data. The XRD and XRF data that are compiled with the geological information of the area where the sites are located indicates that all the potteries of different periods have similar characteristics and made by the use of local materials. All the potteries from Chalcolithic period to the late Islamic period, even the ones with lower frequencies, were made using the local soils. The results are also applicable for the Kenacheh cave, where it has been used by the local transhumances. Location of the Hawraman region in a mountainous area, adjacent to the westcentral Zagros and Mesopotamia has caused that the way of living of the ancient people of this area be always questionable. Recognition of the soils that had been the origin of the potteries is helpful for characterization of the geographical origin of the potteries.