modeling and heterogeneity in shared electric vehicles adoption in developing cities

Electric vehicle technology is key to sustainable development, by reducing air pollution and dependence fossil fuel. however, adoption in developing markets remains slow. shared electric vehicles help address high initial costs, improving accessibility. this study extends the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (utaut) by integrating perceived benefits, environmental concerns, and hedonic motivations. perceived benefits play a central role, influenced by performance expectations and social impacts. a total of 303 data points were collected through an online survey and analyzed with structural equation modeling. the results indicated that all seven hypotheses were supported. the findings highlight that performance expectations and social influences significantly shape perceived benefits, while effort expectations, hedonic motivations, facilitating conditions, and environmental concerns drive adoption. additionally, the study explored the heterogeneity of user's socio-economic variables, such as gender and age, in the acceptance of shared electric vehicles. these insights can inform policymakers and service providers to design effective interventions that encourage sev use of in developing cities.