simultaneous dynamic optimal control of active and reactive power of microgrids in real-time market considering losses

Hierarchical control, which includes centralized and decentralized control systems, is a convenientmethod to control microgrids. the optimal operation of a microgrid from an economic point of view is theduty of the third level of hierarchical control. in the market model with a uniform payment method, theoptimal economic dispatch of active power is based on the equality of marginal utility of the microgridcontrollable resources. a dynamic population dispatch is applied to a real-time market to implement thisequality. the share of each source from the demand is proportional to the value of its fitness. the fitnessof each source depends on its rated power, the cost factor, and penalty factor. to calculate the penalty factor,jacobian and numerical methods are compared. by calculating the marginal utility using a dynamicpower dispatch approach and knowledge of the market price of the main power grid (mpg), the pathof energy exchange between the microgrid and the mpg is specified. the microgrid participation in theancillary services market and the profit of microgrid in active or reactive power sales are also investigated.a 14-bus radial network with resistive lines and five different controllable sources are chosen in this paper.a real-time approach is presented for optimal economic control of microgrids with the objective ofmaximizing their profit in the real-time market.