global gender inequalities: women’s inclusion in the policy planning of india: a content analysis of the twelfth five-year plan (2012–2017)

Gender inequality remains a pressing global issue, with international organisations emphasising the urgent need to resolve it. india, as part of the worldwide community, has aligned with this imperative by integrating gender-responsive policies into its development frameworks. the five-year plans (fyps) of india have historically shaped the nation’s development trajectory, with the 12th fyp (2012–2017) marking a significant shift by explicitly prioritizing gender-responsive policies in key sectors. this study employs qualitative content analysis to study the representation and inclusion of women in the 12th fyp, using the united nations development programme’s (undp) gender inequality index (gii) as an analytical framework. the gii evaluates gender disparities across three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market participation. this research identifies progress and persistent gaps in india’s gender-responsive policies by analysing policy language, budgetary allocations, and implementation outcomes. applying the capability approach as a theoretical lens, this study reveals that while the 12th fyp has expanded resources for women in health, education, and the labour market, persistent barriers in social norms, security, and decision-making opportunities continue to limit their real freedoms to convert these resources into meaningful life choices. the findings emphasise that true empowerment requires not only policy provisions, but also institutional reforms to dismantle structural inequalities.