the impact of u.s. extraterritorial sanctions on iran-eu relations (2018–2024)

Since the victory of the islamic revolution, sanctions have consistently been a cornerstone of u.s. foreign policy against iran. beyond their direct impact on bilateral tensions between the two nations, u.s. secondary or extraterritorial sanctions have also significantly influenced iran’s relations with other global actors, particularly the european union (eu). the conclusion of the joint comprehensive plan of action (jcpoa) generated optimism regarding the end of sanctions against iran. however, with the advent of the trump administration and its unilateral withdrawal from the jcpoa in 2018, the united states’ extraterritorial sanctions against iran were reinstated, dispelling the optimism that had emerged. the us and the eu are major economic and strategic partners. given this reality, the critical question arises: how has the resurgence of u.s. sanctions, with their extraterritorial dimensions, affected iran-eu relations? this paper hypothesizes that the resumption and intensification of extraterritorial sanctions have negatively impacted the economic and political aspects of iran-eu relations. on the one hand, these sanctions have reduced bilateral relations to their lowest possible level; on the other, they have constrained diplomatic channels for resolving issues. to examine this hypothesis, the analysis employs trump’s maximum pressure policy and its theoretical underpinnings as its conceptual framework. the method of research is based on impact analysis. findings indicate that while sanctions have profoundly impacted iran-eurelations, they have failed to achieve their ultimate objective of altering behavior. a key outcome of these sanctions has been the sidelining of europe in iran’s foreign policy sphere.