خودآگاهی در رمان؛ بررسی آرای هگل و باختین

هگل، فیلسوف آلمانی و باختین، نظریه‌پرداز و منتقد ادبی روسی ازجمله متفکرانی هستند که رمان را موضوع تامل فلسفی خود قرار داده‌اند و هر دو به مولفۀ «خودآگاهی در رمان» توجه داشته‌اند. در فلسفۀ هگل و در سیر تکامل روح به سمت آزادی، رمان از بالاترین تجلیات روح در فرم هنری است؛ جایی که روح به یکی از بالاترین سطوح خودآگاهی در قالب هنر می‌رسد. ضمن اینکه رمان به واسطۀ ظهور در دوران رمانتیک هنر، واجد قهرمان خودآگاه است. باختین هم در دو موضع از خودآگاهی در رمان می‌گوید: یکی آنجایی که رمان را گونه‌ای خودآگاه معرفی می‌کند و جای دیگر وقتی است که از خودآگاهیِ قهرمان رمان سخن می‌گوید. باختین وقتی داستایفسکی را خالق رمان چندصدا معرفی می‌کند، می‌گوید این خودآگاهی قهرمان است که به رمان‌های داستایفسکی خصلت چندصدایی می‌بخشد. درعین‌حال بحث از خودآگاهی در رمان، در هر دو متفکر به بحث از بی‌خانمانی هم گره می‌خورد.ما در این مقاله تلاش کردیم نشان دهیم موضع هر یک از دو متفکر نسبت به این موضوع چه بوده، چه شباهت و چه تفاوتی با هم دارند و چه گفت‌وگویی میان آنها یکی به‌عنوان فیلسوف و دیگری به‌عنوان نظریه‌پرداز ادبی شکل گرفته‌است

Self-consciousness in the Novel: A Study of Hegel’s and Bakhtin’s Points of View

Hegel, a German philosopher, and Bakhtin, a Russian literary critic, are the two thinkers who have placed the novel within the framework of their contemplation and have focused on the element of selfconsciousness in the novel. In Hegel’s philosophy, in the course of the Spirit’s development towards freedom, the novel is the highest manifestation of the Spirit in artistic form, where the Spirit reaches one of the highest levels of selfconsciousness. Moreover, due to its origins in the romantic era of art, the novel has heroes with selfconsciousness. Bakhtin views selfconsciousness in the novel from two perspectives: one is where he introduces the novel as a kind of selfconscious genre, and the other one is where he speaks about the selfconsciousness of the novel’s hero. When Bakhtin introduces Dostoevsky as the creator of the polyphonic novel, he says it is the hero’s selfconsciousness that gives Dostoevsky’s novels the quality of polyphony.  Yet, the talk of selfconsciousness in the novel intertwines with the talk of homelessness in both thinkers’ discussions. In this paper, we have tried to show the position of each of the two thinkers with regard to this subject, their similarities and differences, and the dialogue between them. Extended Abstract IntroductionBakhtin is mostly regarded as a critic of Hegel. However, he believes that a text is not a separate, detached phenomenon but it rather develops through dialogues and interactions with other texts. The same principle is true about Bakhtin’s writings as well. Thus, according to Bakhtin himself, it is not surprising if we try to uncover his hidden dialogues with Hegel. For this purpose, the concept of selfconsciousness, which has been examined by both thinkers, will be studied here in order to understand the ideas they have in common in this regard.  Theoretical FrameworkHegel and Bakhtin attached great importance to selfconsciousness in the novel. According to Hegel, the spirit can overcome its selfalienation and achieve a degree of freedom through selfconsciousness. He believes that in Romantic art, with the novel being one of its types, the protagonist is selfconscious. Bakhtin’s theory of the novel, which is a response to Lukács’s The Theory of the Novel, tries to highlight the points where he distinguishes himself from Hegel. Lukács, as a commentator of Hegel’s ideas about the novel, accepts that the novel has replaced the epic in modern times and adds that it is the story of man’s homelessness. Bakhtin holds that the novel is the outcome of man’s homelessness. While Lukács finds the novel to be the story of man’s transcendental homelessness, Bakhtin regards it as the linguistic homelessness of human beings. He is different from Hegel and Lukács in that he welcomes this homelessness and does not, unlike Hegel, try to overcome it.  MethodologyThe present article has adopted the librarybased research method to study selfconsciousness in the novel.  Discussion and AnalysisBoth Hegel and Bakhtin have discussed selfconsciousness in the novel; however, whereas Hegel bases his discussion on dialectics, Bakhtin’s discussion revolves around dialogue. To Hegel, the novel is the art of struggle and hostility, which should be directed toward peace and unity, but Bakhtin welcomes plurality and polyphony. To Hegel and Lukács the novel is associated with selfalienation and homeless, but to Bakhtin it is the source of creativity and freedom. Hegel finds selfconsciousness an attempt to overcome selfalienation and homelessness, but selfconsciousness in Bakhtin is the result of mans’ homelessness as without it freedom and consequently polyphony cannot be achieved.  ConclusionA study of ideas of Hegel and Bakhtin concerning the two concepts of selfconsciousness and homelessness in novels reveals that the two thinkers share some ideas in this regard, resulting from a kind of dialogue between them. The differences in their ideas are due to a difference in the bases of their thoughts. Select BibliographyAllen, G. 1392 [2013]. Baynamatniat. P. Yazdanjou (trans.). Tehran: Markaz.Bakhtin, M. 1391 [2012]. Takhayole Mokaleme’hi. R. Pourazar (trans.). Tehran: Ney.Bakhtin, M. 1395 [2016]. Porseshhaye Boutiqaye Dostoevsky. S. Solhjou. Tehran: Niloufar.Gandesha, S. 2014 [2012]. “Hegel’s Homecoming of Spirit.” Contours Journal 4.  URL: https://www.sfu.ca/humanitiesinstitute/contours/issue4/issue4_p5.htmlHolquist,M. 1395 [2016]. Mokalemehgarayi. M. Amirkhanlou. Tehran: Niloufar.Lukács, G. 1392 [2013]. Nazaryehye Roman. H. Mortazavi (trans.). Tehran: Ashiyan.Lumsden, . 2015. “At Home with Hegel and Heidegger.” Philosophy Today 59/1: 721.Neubauer, J. 1996. “Bakhtin versus Lukács: Inscriptions of Homelessness in Theories of the Novel.” Poetics Today 17/4: 531546Ousheli, M. 1390 [2011]. Terazhedi dar Falsafehye Hegel.  MA Thesis. University of Isfahan.Todorov, T. 1391 [2022]. Manteqe Goftegouyie Mikhail Bakhtin. D. Karimi (trans.). Tehran: Nashre Markaz.