تنازع (ستیز) و تعایش (‌همزیستی) گونه‌ها برای بقا

گونه شناسی با اینکه در غرب از مباحث مهم نقد و نظریه ادبیات است، در گستره ادبیات فارسی و مجامع نقد یا کمتر به انواع پرداخته شده است یا بیشتر این نوع مباحث بازتاب ترجمه ای دارند. از این رو اگر پژوهنده ای در مباحث انواع به‌دقت بکاود با معضل های بزرگ و بی پاسخی روبرو خواهدشد؛ معضلاتی چون عدم خلوص گونه ها، بحث وجه در گونه ها، نگنجیدن زیرگونه ها ذیل یک گونه خاص و اختلاط و آمیزش گونه ها، زیرگونه ها و ریز گونه ها. علت معضلات این‌چنینی تعایش (همزیستی) و تنازعی (ستیز) است که گونه ها به انحاءِ گوناگون برای بقا در حیات ادبیات دارند. گونه ها به علل گوناگون موجودیت می یابند. آنها برای بقا گاه زیرگونه هایی از ژن خود را در دل خود هویت می بخشند، گاه خود در دل گونه ای غالب به عنوان گونه ای مغلوب زیست می کنند و گاه با گونه های دیگر خویشاوندی و هم نشینی می کنند. زیرگونه ها نیز بعد از زاده‌شدن چنین راهی پیش می گیرند، آنها گاه در ازدواج یا امتزاج با گونه ها یا زیرگونه ها باعث زایش گونه ها و زیرگونه های جدید می شوند. زیرگونه ها نیز برای بقای خود تلاشی چنین دارند. گاه برخی گونه ها و زیرگونه ها می میرند و گاه ممکن است بعد از مرگ در شرایطی دیگر حشر یابند. بی‌توجهی به این نوع از روابط گونه ها آن هم به شکل متمرکز بر ادبیات بومی باعث لاینحل بودن برخی از مشکلات در بحث گونه هاست.

The Struggle and Coexistence of Genres for Survival

The study of genres is one of the significant subjects in the field of literary criticism and theory, which regained importance in contemporary literature following the upswing of criticism. The advancement of discussions related to literary genres also faced challenges. Genres come into existence for different reasons. For example, they sometimes form subgenres of the same type inside themselves or form them independently; they may also live inside the dominant genre as a recessive genre, associate with other genres, or form kinship relationships. After coming into existence, subgenres also move in a similar direction. The mixture of genres and subgenres sometimes generates new genres and microgenres in different manners. Microgenres also make the same effort for survival. In such a situation, some subgenres and microgenres fade and sometimes they may revive or resurrect in other situations. These relationships and the progress of genres from the beginning to the end – which can be called the struggle for survival in genres – can solve problems like the ingenuousness of genres, the impossibility of including subgenres under a specific genre, and the mixture of genres, subgenres and microgenres. Extended Abstract   1. Introduction It seems that no clearcut boundary can be drawn between different literary genres. It is undeniable that literary genres are intertwined as they are influenced by their different historical, social, psychological as well as aesthetic backgrounds. What is yet of greater importance is to examine the conditions and reasons that can result in their interconnectedness. To study these reasons, the lives of different genres and the ways in which they can coexist should be analyzed. This process includes the life, death and at times rebirth of different genres, which is of vital significance for their survival. The conflicts between these genres, their struggle for survival, and their coexistence can explain their interconnectedness. 2. Theoretical Framework Literary genres emerge in the context of social, cultural, historical and psychological factors, which are dynamic and everchanging conditions. Therefore, different literary genres both struggle with each other and coexist peacefully almost in the same way that human beings and animals do. Thus, literary genres are, similarly, affected by external factors, such as historical, social and cultural ones.   3. Methodology In the present study first library resources on literary genres were analyzed. Then, some Western theoretical concepts were studied so that the life of different literary genres could be analyzed. Finally, using some classical Persian literary texts the lives of different literary genres were examined. 4. Findings Literary genres are affected by social, cultural and historical variables in their creation. These variables are constantly changing, leading to changes in these genres. In order to survive, literary genres give birth to subgenres, some of which gain an independent identity. New genres and subgenres are born when different genres or subgenres combine. For example, in Western literature the ballad was born when lyrical and epic poetry combined. In Persian literature when the epic started to decline, it tried to combine with historical and religious genres, resulting in the birth of religious and historical epics. Some genres are more powerful in certain eras and influence other genres. The mystical genre, for example, was very popular from the 12th to the 15th century, resulting in the birth of mystical epics such Mantiq alTayr and Masnavi. 5. Conclusion The survival or death of genres is the result of a process that dominates the world of genres. In this process, different genres try to survive. In order to do so, literary genres give birth to subgenres. Sometimes completely new genres are born and at times they are born through the intermingling of two or more genres. These genres can later develop their own independent identities. Some genres seem to be fitter for survival and more powerful in influencing other genres. As they are influenced by factors dominating the world of creatures, some genres cannot escape death, while others, for social, historical and cultural reasons, resurrect. Select Bibliography                                         Dubrow, H. 1389 [2010]. Zhanr. F. Taheri (trans.). Tehran: Markaz.Duff, D. 2000. Modern Genre Theory. London and New York: Longman.Fowler, A. 1982. Kinds of Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Frow, J. 2005. Genre. London and New York: Routledge.Rastegarfasayi, M. 1380 [2001]. Anva’e Adabi dar She’re Farsi. Shiraz: Navid.Shafi’ie Kadkani, M. 1352 [1973]. “Anva’e Adabi dar She’re Farsi.” Kherad va Kushesh 4: 96119.Todorov, T. 2000. “The Origin of Genre.” In: David Duff (ed.). Modern Genre Theory. London and New York: Longman.Trawick, B. 1390 [2011]. Tarikhe Adabyate Jahan. A. Rezayi (trans.). Tehran: Farzan.Wellek, R. 1373 [1994]. Tarikhe Naqde Jadid. S. Arbabshirani (trans.). Tehran: Nilufar.Zarqani, M. 1395 [2016]. Nazaryehe Zhanr. Tehran: Hermes.