تاریخ مفهومی؛ آشکارسازی نزاع‌های ایدئولوژیک و فهم معنای نوین از متن

«تاریخ مفهومی» نظریه و روشی به‌نسبت جدید است که متاثر از سنت فلسفه قاره‌ای و تاریخ‌گرایی نوین می‌باشد. این نظریه و روش با نقد تاریخ‌گرایی سنتی برای «مفهوم» جایگاه و نقش ویژه‌ای قائل بوده و بر آن است که با مطالعه، خلق، ‌تحول و تطور مفاهیم می‌توان به بازنمایی منازعات ایدئولوژیک در یک ساختار سیاسی پرداخت. تاریخ مفهومی ازآنجاکه به سرگذشت تاریخ می‌پردازد،‌ تاریخی،‌ و به این سبب که منازعات گفتمانی را میان نیروهای دخیل در رقابت‌های سیاسی آشکار می‌کند، به سیاست مرتبط می‌شود. در این نوشتار، تلاش می‌شود تا به جایگاه و نقش این نظریه در فلسفه قاره‌ای با تاکید بر آرای راینهارت کوزلک، ‌نامدارترین پژوهشگر این حوزه پرداخته  شود. کوزلک در پروژه فکری خود با عنوان تاریخ مفاهیم، به چیستیِ مفهوم، تمایز آن با کلمه و چگونگی تاثیرگذاری مفاهیم بر رخدادهای سیاسی پرداخته‌است. او بر این باور است بدون مفاهیم، جامعه و همچنین عرصه‌های سیاسی کنش، موجودیت نخواهند داشت و معتقد است هر مفهوم در نظام اندیشگانی دارای پادمفاهیمی است که با غلبه بر آنها می‌تواند واجد معنایی خاص باشد و حضور خود در عرصه مفهومی اندیشه سیاسی را تثبیت کند. براساس این ایده، جهان پُر است از جفت‌هایی که در جبهه مخالف هم قرار دارند و هر مفهومی با استناد و تعریف مفهوم مخالفش تعریف می‌شود. بر همین مبنا کوزلک پادمفاهیم را در مقابل مفاهیم قرار می دهد و از وجود میدان‌های معنایی سخن می‌گوید که می‌تواند تلاش نیروها و گروه‌های سیاسی برای غلبه گفتمانی خاص را توجیه و تبیین نماید. تاریخ مفهومی به ‌عنوان روش نیز می‌کوشد تا به کشف معنای مفاهیم در پسِ لایه‌های انباشته‌شده در طیِ زمان نائل آید

Conceptual History: Ideological Conflicts and Understanding the New Meanings of the Text

“Conceptual history” is a relatively new theory and method which has been influenced by the tradition of continental philosophy and new historicism. This theory and method, with its critique of traditional historicism, puts emphasis on the “concept” and claims that by studying the creation, evolution and conception of concepts, one can represent ideological conflicts in a political structure. In the present paper, after defining conceptual history, attempt is made to address the role of this theory in continental philosophy by emphasizing the views of Reinhart Koselleck, the most renowned scholar in the field. In his seminal project on conceptual history, Koselleck explores the concept, its differences from the word, and how concepts influence political events. He believes that without concepts, neither society nor the political arena of action will exist. Moreover, to him every concept in the system of thought has anticoncepts that can overcome it by having a specific meaning. On this basis, Koselleck pits anticoncepts against concepts and speaks of a semantic battle that can justify and explain the efforts of political forces and groups to overcome a particular discourse. As a method, conceptual history also attempts to discover the meaning behind the accumulated layers of time. Extended Abstract   1. Introduction Conceptual history has been affected by continental philosophy and new historicism. It offers a critique of traditional historicism and, while assigning a special role to concepts, tries to represent ideological conflicts in a political structure by examining, creating and transforming them. In the present study attempt is made to analyze the role and status of this theory in continental philosophy, with a focus on the ideas of Reinhart Koselleck. He has closely studied the nature of the concept, how it is different from the word and how concepts affect political events. He believes that without concepts, society and the political domains of actions cannot exist and through them political conflicts and the hidden meaning in political, historical and literary texts can be understood in new ways.   2. Theoretical Framework This article relies on the theory of history of concepts developed by Reinhart Koselleck, which focuses on the study and analysis of changes and transformations in social and political concepts over time and in relation to institutional and structural changes. This theory tries to understand politics through conceptual changes.   3. Methodology In the present study the ideas of Reinhart Koselleck are adopted to examine how political and social concepts have changed throughout history. He believes that the history of concepts is methodologically independent and represents concepts and changes occurring in them in a linguistic form in their historical context.   4. Findings The main idea of conceptual history is that concepts are the sum of historical experiences. One of the tasks of conceptual history is the analysis of the convergence, changes or differences in the relationship between a concept and the events occurring throughout history. Conceptual history tries to find out ‘where’, ‘when’, ‘for whom’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ a specific concept has been developed. Therefore, this method can help us study literary, historical and political texts and reveal ideological disputes that have affected the perception and meaning of these texts.   5. Conclusion Koselleck’s theory of conceptual history is important in that it shows that the study of concepts and their transformation throughout time and place in different contexts of each era can provide us with the means to examine political, social and cultural events. In this approach, the ambiguity of a concept suggests the presence of different signifiers that can only be understood through examining semantic conflicts over them in a specific context. Conceptual history, both as theory and methodology, can reveal hidden meanings in macronarratives and structures, and provide us with a new narrative of hidden events in history. It can also be used as a new theoretical approach for reading literary, political, and historical texts. Select BibliographyKoselleck, R. 1972. “Einleitung.” In: Otto Brunner, Werner Conze und Reinhart Koselleck (Hrgs.). Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politischsozialen Sprache in Deutschland. Vol. 1. 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