هرمنوتیک: از نظریه تا نقد ادبی؟

تردیدی نیست که رویکردهای مختلف هرمنوتیکی به‌مثابه یک نظریه مقبولیت عام یافته‌اند. اما  آیا هرمنوتیک می‌تواند گامی فراسوی نظریه بگذارد و در عرصه نقد ادبی هم به کار آید؟ شلایرماخر، موسس هرمنوتیک مولف‌محور، در عالم نظر بر آن است که در مقام تحقق، هرمنوتیک مقدم بر نقد است و نقد پس از هرمنوتیک می‌آید. التزام شلایرماخر به روش تاویل دستوری و تاویل فنی در عمل، میان هرمنوتیک مولف‌محور و نقد پیوند برقرار می‌کند. هرش نیز، با تفکیک میان دو نوع نقد، معتقد است پیوند وثیقی میان هرمنوتیک مولف‌محور و نقد درونی  وجود دارد. علاوه بر آن، معیارهای چهارگانه هرش برای اثبات محتمل بودن یک تفسیر، به ارزش‌گذاری تفسیر معتبر از نامعتبر منجر می‌شود. اما از نظر صاحب‌نظران، هرمنوتیک فلسفی درآمدوشدی میان نظریه و نقد قرار دارد. ما برآنیم با توجه به دو معیاری که گادامر برای درستی تفسیر برمی‌شمرد، یعنی پیش داشت کمال یافتگی و فاصله زمانی، هرمنوتیک فلسفی تا مقام نقد بر کشیده می‌شود. در این میان، هرمنوتیسین‌های ادبی با  تاکید بر روش در خوانش متن، وارد قلمرو نقد می‌شوند

Hermeneutics: From Theory to Literary Criticism

There is no doubt that different hermeneutical approaches have become accepted as a general theory,.But can hermeneutics be a step beyond the theory and enter the critique? In authorcentered hermeneutics, Schleiermacher is theoretically believed , as it is realized, hermeneutics is preceded by critique, and criticism comes after hermeneutics Schleiermacher's commitment to gramatical interpretation and psycological interpretation, establishes between the authorcentered hermeneutics and the critique. Hirsch, by distinguishing between two types of criticisms, believes there is a link between the authoritative hermeneutics and the inner critique. In addition, Hirsch's quadruple criteria for proving the probability of an interpretation result in the valuation of valid interpretations of the invalid. But from the point of view of the critics, philosophical hermeneutics is in come and go between theory and critique The author believes  the two criteria Gadamer specifies for correct interpretation  that is fore conception of completeness  and distance, Philosophical hermeneutics is pulled to the point of critique In the meantime, literary hermeneutics, with emphasis on the method of reading the text, enter the realm of criticism.   Extended Abstract   1. Introduction One of the important issues literary theorists and critics have mostly failed to address is whether different hermeneutic approaches can merely be adopted as theories or they can be drawn upon in literary criticism. The present study has been conducted with the aim of addressing this question.   2. Theoretical Framework Hermeneutics has been divided into different kinds based on the type of factors, such as historical periods, domains and approaches, which have been considered in such groupings. In the present study, based on the approaches adopted, attempt has been made to analyze the relationship between hermeneutics and literary criticism.   3. Methodology In the present study the descriptiveanalytical approach has been used to examine the relationship between hermeneutics and literary criticism.   4. Findings Sehleiermacher believes that hermeneutics precedes criticism. His commitment to grammatical and psychological interpretation establishes a relationship between the authorcentered hermeneutics and criticism. Hirsch believes that the authorcentered hermeneutics and criticism are strongly connected. Hirsch offers four criteria for assessing an interpretation. Here we have drawn upon Gadamer’s two conditions for interpretation, i.e. temporal distance and foreconception of completeness, to provide a critique of philosophical hermeneutics.   5. Conclusion It can be concluded that authorcentered hermeneutics, philosophical hermeneutics and also literary hermeneutics are closely related to literary criticism. As pointed out by Sehleiermacher and Hirsch and other scholars of literary hermeneutics, authorcentered hermeneutics and literary hermeneutics, which offer methods for interpretation or validation of interpretation, are explicitly connected with literary criticism. But since in philosophical hermeneutics the focus of attention is on explaining and describing understanding, it has apparently nothing to do with criticism. However, as we have already discussed, although philosophical hermeneutics does not offer a method for reading texts, Gadamer skillfully explains and describes the process of understanding step by step. The substructure of understanding indicates that the process of understanding is affected by rules, regulations and dos and don’ts. Also, the foreconception of the completeness of the text and the temporal distance are important factors for judging whether an interpretation is valid or not.   Select BibliographyGadamer, H. G. 1976. Philosophical Hermeneutics. D.  E. Linge (trans.). California: Berkeley University Press.Gadamer, H. G. 2004. Truth and Method. J. Weinsheimer, G. Donald and G. Marshall (trans.). New York.Gadamer, H. G. 1388 [2009]. Adabyat va Falsafeh dar Goftegu. Z. Zavarian (trans.). Tehran: Naqsh va Negar.Grondin, J. 1391 [2012]. Hermenotik. M. Abolqasemi (trans.). Tehran: Mahi.Grondin, J. 1395 [2016]. Daramdi beh Elme Hermenotike Falsafi. M. S. Hanayi Kashani (trans.). Tehran: MinuyeKherad.Lamarque, P. 1382 [2013]. Falsafehye Adabyat. M. Mohammad Amini. Tehran: Nashre No. MuellerVollmer, K. 2006. The Hermeneutics Reader: Texts of the German Tradition from the Enlightenment to the Present. New York: Continuum.Palmer, R. A. 1384 [2015]. Elme Hermenotik. M. S. Hanayi Kashani (trans.). Tehran: Hermes.Ricœur, P. 1386 [2007]. Zendegi dar DonyayeMatn. B. Ahmadi (trans.). Tehran: Markaz.Sehleiermacher, F. 1998. Hermeneutics and Criticism and Other Writings. A. Bowie (trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Wellek, R. 1373 [1994]. Tarikhe Naqde Jadid. S. Arbab Shirani (trans.). Tehran: Nilufar.