توصیف و انواع آن بر پایه نظریه توصیف‌شناسی با تکیه بر نفثه‌المصدور شهاب‌الدین محمد خرندزی زیدری نسوی

توصیف‌شناسی، دانشی است که به بررسی چیستی توصیف می‌پرازد، ادبیات را از منظر توصیف می‌بیند؛ می‌کوشد که گونه‌های مختلف توصیف را برپایه متون ادبی کشف کند و با ایجاد چهارچوبی جامع و ساختارمند، دستگاهی را ارائه نماید که بتوان انواع متن را از دیدگاه توصیف‌شناسی نقد کرد. پژوهش پیش ‌رو قصد دارد که براساس نظریه توصیف‌شناسی و با تکیه بر نمونه‌هایی از نفثه‌المصدور شهاب‌الدین محمد خرندزی زیدری نسوی، ضمن تعریف دوباره به گونه‌شناسیِ آن بپردازد. گونه شناسی به عنوان یک مدل یا الگوی بوطیقایی به عرضه یک چهارچوب مفهومی و نظری می پردازد؛ در عین حال به ‌عنوان یک ابزار انتقادی، کاربردی کاوشگرانه دارد و امکان تحلیل ادبی را از یک متن فراهم می آورد. در این راستا، نفثه‌المصدور از ظرفیت کافی به عنوان بستری برای تکمیل این نظریه برخوردار است؛ زیرا دارای تنوع چشم‏گیر و مطلوبی است و نگاه ویژه‌ای به توصیف و کاربرد آن در متن داشته‏است. نگارنده بر آن است که بسیاری از زیبایی ها و ویژگی های متن ادبی از خلال بررسی شگردها و شیوه ها و ریزه‌کاری‌های کاربرد توصیف امکان پذیر است. این پژوهش، تحلیلی توصیف‌شناسانه از متن نیست بلکه مقدمه‌ای بر این کار است و دستگاهی را معرفی می‌نماید که بتوان پژوهش‌های توصیف‌شناسانه را با استفاده از آن صورت داد.

Description and its Types based on the Theory of DescriptologyCase Study: Zidari Nasavi’s Nafthat alMasdur

Descriptology examines the nature of description, studies literature from the perspective of description, tries to identify different types of description in literary texts and, by providing a structured framework, offers a system for the criticism of texts. The main aim of the present study is to apply the theory of descriptology to Shahab alDin Zidari’s Nafthat alMasdur in order to redefine description and examine its types. As a model or paradigm, typology encompasses a conceptual and theoretical framework, while being a critical tool, it has exploratory use and allows for the literary analysis of a text. In this regard, Nafthat alMasudar has the potential to serve as a basis for the completion of this theory, as it displays a remarkable variety and offers a special view of description and its application in the text. The paper argues that many of the beauties and characteristics of the literary text are made possible through the examination of the techniques, methods, and details of the description used. However, this paper is not a descriptological analytic study of the text; it is merely an introduction to it and offers an apparatus that can be used for descriptological research.   Extended Abstract   1. Introduction Descriptology examines the nature of description, studies literature from the perspective of description, tries to identify different types of description in literary texts and, by providing a structured framework, offers a system for the criticism of texts. The present study aims to apply the theory of descriptology to excerpts from Shahab alDin Zidari’s Nafthat alMasdur so that description is redefined and its types are examined. Zidari’s work enjoys a rich diversity in types of description as it has made great use of description and its types in the text. Rather than being a descriptological analysis, the present paper is an introduction to it and an attempt to introduce a system that is to lay the ground for descriptological studies.   2. Theoretical Framework The present study is composed of six main parts. In the first part while different viewpoints about description are examined, attempt is made to offer a more precise definition of this term. In the second section some studies in Persian on description are examined. In sections three and four first descriptology is studied as a new way of analyzing and understanding texts and then Nafthat alMasdur is studied closely. In part five different types of description are explained and in the last part the findings of the study are presented.   3. Methodology The present paper has drawn on structuralist methodology to study Nafthat alMasdur. After criticizing and analyzing the ideas of former theorists, the study develops a new classification of different types of description, which it has called the ‘typology of description’.   4. Findings In this study, a new definition of description has been offered. In literature description can be defined as the representation of objective and subjective examples through language provided that this representation occurs in the context of a literary discourse. In this study descriptions have been classified based on either content or form. Many of the description types have been introduced in the present study for the first time, such as hidden, cognitive and extensive description. In this study, a fairly comprehensive system has been developed through which texts can be studied from the perspective of descriptology. Also, the types of description used by Shahab alDin Mohammad in his Nafthat alMasdur have been identified and explained in this paper.   5. Conclusion As the present paper aimed to understand the nature and types of description, the results of the study have been summarized in Table 1. A descriptological study of the examples extracted from Nafthat alMasdur indicates that the writer has skillfully used description in his work, transforming mere narration into a literary text. Such studies can provide the ground and develop a system for descriptological analyses of different texts. Comparative studies of two or more texts can, thus, be made possible. Different approaches, such as descriptology and stylistics, descriptology and narratology, descriptology and hermeneutics and descriptology and intertextuality can be combined to study different literary works. Select BibliographyBarths, R. 1982. “An Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative.” New Literary History 6/2: 237272.Fludernik, M. 2009. An Introduction to Narratology. London and New York: Routledge.Fotuhi, M. 1393 [2014]. Sabkshenasi. 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