نوآوری‌های دستوری طنزآمیز در مطبوعات معاصر از دیدگاه دستور کاربردبنیاد

این مقاله در چارچوب دستور کاربردبنیاد به دگرگونی زبان به بررسی نوآوری های دستوری طنزآمیزِ سال های اخیر در مطبوعات طنز می‌پردازد. هدف پژوهش این است که با جمع آوری داده‌ها از مطبوعات طنز دریابد این نوآوری‌های براساس چه سازوکارهایی شکل گرفته، در چه ساخت هایی به‎کار رفته است و از میان آنها مواردی که در زبان بسامد بالایی دارند چه ویژگی هایی دارند. این نوآوری ها در سه بخش طبقه بندی و تجزیه و تحلیل شده اند: ساخت های اشتقاقی، ساخت فعل جعلی و ساخت های «ال»دار. با بررسی مشخص شد که بیشتر این نوآوری های براساس فرایندهای قیاسی در زبان شکل گرفته‌است که حاصل کاربرد زبان است. علاوه‌بر این، به نظر می رسد بیشتر نوآوری های دستوری طنزآمیز را می توان نشانۀ نیاز زبان فارسی به ساخت‌های جدید دانست، ساخت‌هایی که در زبان معیار قابل قبول نیستند اما در فضای طنز و شوخ‌طبعی می‌توان آنها را به‎کار برد

Humorous Grammatical Innovations in Contemporary Persian Press

This paper attempts to examine humorous grammatical innovations in contemporary Persian press in recent years within the framework of Bybee’s language change theory (2015) in accordance with the usagebased approach to grammer. In this regard, by collecting data from satirical press, this research endeavored to understand how and by which process these innovations have been produced, in which constructions they have been used and what characteristics they have. To this end, the humorous grammatical innovations have been classified in three categories consisting of derivatives constructions, fabricated verbs and constructions with “al“. In this research, we demonstrate that a high number of innovations have been created on the basis of analogical processes. Furthermore the findings suggest that seemingly most of the innovations have the potentiality to enter the formal language but evidently  the language enclines to absorb the innovations which have been coined by virtue of the language exigency or the deficits of applicable grammatical constructions. 1. IntroductionWhen linguistic innovations take place in one language, they may seem humorous to many speakers at first because they are unprecedented. Nevertheless, over a short period of time, some of these humorous innovations enter the standard language due to the linguistic and communication needs, so that it may seem difficult to imagine that at one time these innovations were merely used to create humor and jokes. This study, by examining a number of humorous grammatical innovations used in the press, tries to find out why and through what mechanisms these innovations have been made in contemporary Persian.It also attempts to explore the characteristics of these innovations. 2. Theoretical frameworkBybee’s work greatly inspired the creation of usagebased models of language. Bybee’s model makes predictions about and explains synchronic, diachronic and typological patterns within languages, such as: which variants will occur in which contexts? what forms they will take, and what would be their diachronic consequences. Bybee proves that even irreducibly irregular wordforms are seen to be nonarbitrary when the context it occurs in is taken into consideration in the very representation of morphology. Simultaneously, she shows that even seemingly regular allomorphy is contextsensitive. Splits also aligns with the idea that linguistic forms cannot be studied as isolated entities, but rather in relation to the strength of their attachment to other entities. 3. MethodologyThis research is a data based study attempting to select, classify and analyze data from various sources in the field of grammatical innovations of stire in Persian language. The main newspaper used in this research is the humorous pages of Qanoon newspaper. In addition, Gol Agha is another source that has been used to collect data. In addition to these two publications, other publications such as Humor and Cartoon, Isfahan Nimroz and Chelchelragh have also been used to collect data. After collecting the data, they were first classified into three sections, including innovations related to derivative constructions, innovations related to fabricated verbs, and innovations related to Al construction. In the next step, an attempt has been made to address the linguistic and nonlinguistic needs based on the presented analysis of each data set, which have played a role in the creation and emergence of each of these innovations, and finally the reasons for consolidation and the lack of consolidation of these grammatical innovations in language is examined. 4. Results and discussionIn this research, we indicated that a high number of innovations have been created in the basis of analogy. Furthermore, the findings suggest that seemingly most of the innovations have the potentiality to enter the formal language but evidently the language enclines to absorb the innovations which have been coined by virtue of the language exigency or the deficits of applicable grammatical constructions. In fact, in this article, it was shown that humorous grammatical constructions in many cases indicate the need of the Persian language for the mentioned constructions. This brings to mind the common saying that any joke may express a serious fact. 5. Conclusions & SuggestionsIn this study, it was found that innovations in derivative constructions have been created in most cases in comparison with existing constructions in Persian language, which in some cases has been accompanied by borrowing from Arabic and European loanwords. But in the meantime, innovations invented solely to create humor do not seem to enter the official language, even if they are of highfrequency. In addition, in the case of fabricated verbs, it was found that in some cases these verbs were created due to the principle of linguistic economics. In this case, speakers tend to use the simple form of the verb instead of its compound form. But in most cases, fabricated verbs are created due to the lack of the present tense to express some concepts or processes. Regarding the humorous innovations in Al constructions, it was also revealed that apparently due to the longterm contact of Persian speakers with the Arabic language, some constructions of the Arabic language have entered the Persian language. But in the meantime, the use of Persian words in grammatical constructions of the Arabic language based on the theory of heterogeneity due to being humorous has been widely observed as a tool to create humor by satirists. Select BibliographyAhmadiGivi H.and Anvari, H. 2006. Persian Grammar, 2nd ed. Tehran: Fatemi Pubication. [In Persian]Attardo, S. 2008a. Semantics and Pragmatics of Humor. Blackwell: Language and Linguistics Compass.Bybee, Joan. 2010. Language, usage and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bybee, Joan. 2015. Language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Grice, p. 1975. Personal Identity. Berkely: University of California Press.Matthews, P.H. 1991. Morphology.2nd Edition.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Miller,R.M. 2015. Trask’s historical linguistics.3rd Edition. .London: Newyork: Routledge.Naghzhuy Kohan, M and Davari, S. 2013. Psudoaffixation. Researchs in comparative Linguistics. 2(1), 6585. [In Persian]Raskin,V. 1985. 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