تقابل فرصت‏طلبی و منافع دائم در مناسبات ایران و ترکیه

گفته می‏شود در مناسبات بین دولت‏ها به جای دوستی و دشمنی پایدار، تنها مسئله منافع دائم مطرح است که باید برای حفظ آن کوشید. آیا در شرایط سیال منطقه‏ای و بین‏المللی اقدامات فرصت‏طلبانه می‏تواند متضمن منافع پایدار برای دولت‌های همجواری باشد که افزون بر محدودیت‌های خود، در معرض سیاست‌های قدرت‌های بزرگ قرار دارند؟ مقاله حاضر به بررسی فرصتی وسوسه کننده اختصاص دارد که به عنوان رویدادی ضمنی در خلال جنگ‌های کریمه (1853-1856)، نصیب ایران شد تا علیه رقیب منطقه‏ای خود عثمانی اقدام کند.

Diplomatic formalities in Iran during the Qajar era until the end of Naseri period (Case study: ambassadors and foreign envoys admission)

This paper discusses the admission formalities of foreign envoys and ambassadors in Iran during the Qajar era until the end of Naseri period. Qajar diplomacy was mainly based on the Iranian social customs and continuation of Safavid formalities, but due to the expansion of foreign relations during the Fat,h Ali shah reign onward, which is coincided with the  internationalizing diplomatic formalities after the Vienna Congress, diplomatic formalities of the Iranian court changed gradually and these development is examined in this paper. The paper is a descriptive and analytical account of relevent documents and travelogues.  This paper shows that before establishment of foreign ministry in Naseri period, diplomatic formalities were practiced traditionally, based on the king and chancellor decrees, but after establishment of foreign ministry, this new organization formally took the responsibility of diplomatic formalities and prepared relevant manuals.