گونه‌های مراکز آموزشی در ایران و شیوه‌های تدریس در آن ‌ها: از سدۀ سوم تا هفتم هجری

هدف: ازجمله نهادهای موجود در هر جامعه‌ای و به‌ ویژه در جامعۀ ایرانی نهاد آموزش است. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی مراکز آموزشی موجود در ایران قرون نخستین اسلامی می‌پردازد، تا مشخص شود که ورود اسلام به ایران چه اثراتی بر مسئله تعلیم و تربیت و نهادهای متولی آموزش در ایران داشته است.روش: در پژوهش حاضر از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی برای تبیین اهداف پژوهش استفاده شده است. شیوۀ گردآوری اطلاعات هم روش کتابخانه‌ای بود.یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مراکز آموزشی ایران در قرون نخستین اسلامی به سه دستۀ مساجد، مدارس و مکاتب تقسیم می‌شود، که هرکدام از آن‌ها دارای شیوۀ تدریس خاصی است. در ضمن از خانقاه‌ها و کتابخانه‌ها هم به عنوان مراکز آموزشی استفاده می‌شد. نگاهی به شرایط ورود به مدارس و مراکز آموزشی در این بازۀ زمانی نشان می‌دهد که تعلیم و تربیت در این دوران عمومیت یافت و هرکسی از هر طبقه‌ای می‌توانست بسته به توان خود در مراکز آموزشی به سوادآموزی و کسب علم بپردازد. این مسئله برخلاف نظام طبقاتی و بستۀ دورۀ ساسانی (آخرین دولت ایرانی قبل از اسلام) بود که امر تحصیل و تعلیم و تربیت در انحصار اصناف و طبقات خاصی از جامعه بود.

types of educational centers in iran and teaching methods in them: from the 3rd to the 7th century

in the current research, our focus is not on the educational philosophy itself, but on special education centers. what centers were in charge of education and training? what were the characteristics of these centers? how was the teaching method in these centers? and what were the conditions for entering these centers? these questions and other such questions led us to investigate the history of iran in the first islamic centuries from the perspective of schools and scientific centers. in the present study, an attempt will be made to explain the state of iran’s educational system and evaluate the changes that have taken place in this field by examining the existing educational centers in iran from the 3rd to the 7th centuries of hijri. choosing this time frame and not paying attention to the first two centuries of the arrival of islam in iran does not mean that there was no such thing as education in iran during this period, but only because the amount of information available in this field in the first two centuries were very few and not very reliable.with the arrival of islam in iran, the iranian society and its various institutions were influenced by islamic culture and civilization, and many institutions took on an islamic color. among the existing institutions in any society, especially in iranian society, is the institution of education. the issue of schools and educational centers in post-islamic iran is important from several aspects. one of the important aspects of this issue is manifested in the types of centers and educational institutions and the characteristics of each of them. as mentioned in the present research, iran’s educational centers were divided into three categories: mosques (masajed), schools (madares), and elementary schools (makateb) in the early islamic centuries. of course, monasteries (khaneghah) and libraries can also be mentioned as scientific centers, and of course, education and teaching in them was probably a function of other types (mosques (masajed), schools (madares), and elementary schools (makateb).the mosque was a religious-educational institution that, in addition to worship, promoted literacy among muslims, and its main educational goal was to teach the quran and religious teachings to muslims. therefore, the circle of students of the mosque was exclusive to muslims. in the history of islamic education and training from the beginning to the fourth century of hijri, mosques are mentioned as the most important scientific and educational centers and institutions in the islamic world. in islamic iran, this tradition was common from the second and third centuries onwards. the available evidence indicates that there were teaching areas in many mosques that were established in iran, including sistan, bukhara, balkh, herat, fars, etc.