بررسی تاثیر شیوه تدریس مبتنی بر دست‌کاری قیود تکلیف بر رفتارهای حمله‌ای فوتبالیست‌های نوجوان مدارس فوتبال

هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تاثیر تغییر قیود تکلیف بر رفتار حمله‌ای فوتبالیست‌های نوجوان بود. ١٠ بازیکن زیر ١٣ سال (2/3 ± 11/8 سال) به دو تیم تقسیم شدند. طی سه جلسه به فواصل استراحت یک هفته ای، تیم ها (٤×٤ با یک دروازه‌بان) در سه شرایط متفاوت و طی نیمه‌های ٨ دقیقه ای با ٣ دقیقه استراحت با یکدیگر مسابقه می‌دادند. برای بررسی رفتار حمله‌ای دو تیم، شاخص‌های عملکرد ساده و ترکیبی آن‌ها توسط مقیاس ارزیابی عملکرد حمله‌ای بررسی شدند. برای بررسی روایی درون آزمونگر، ٢٠درصد کل داده‌ها به فاصله یک هفته ای مشاهده و نشانه‌گذاری شدند. نتایج کاپای وزنی توافق ٨٤ تا ٩٩ درصد بودند. نتایج نشان دادند که تغییر قیود اثری معنی‌دار بر شاخص‌های حمله‌ای ساده و ترکیبی داشت. در شرایط پاس دو ضرب، «میزان مشارکت جمعی» بیشتر از دو شرایط دیگر بود. شاخص «مداخله فردی بر توپ» در شرایط سه پاس بزرگ‌تر از دو شرایط دیگر بود. شرایط بازی آزاد نیز موجب اتخاذ رویکرد فردی بیشتری از بقیه شرایط شد. بنابراین، دست‌کاری کردن قیود تکلیف می‌تواند مربیان را به سوی رفتار دلخواه سوق داده و موجب مشارکت فعالانه بازیکنان نوجوان در فرآیند حل مسئله گردد.

effect of teaching based on manipulation of task constraints on adolescent soccer schools players’ offensive behaviors

in soccer, task constraints manipulation plays an important role in the development of motor skills because it leads to the exaggeration of the functional relationship between information and movement and can assist the performer in acquiring important and purposeful affordances (chow, 2010). such manipulations are performed by conditioned game activities (small sided games (ssg) and practice of special competition situations, etc.) which, compared to other exercises, are closer to the process of acquiring skills and performance and lead to better develop of generalized motor program in order to cope with different conditions of skill performance (williams hodges 2005; ford 2010). in this way, the player is actively involved in exploring the perceptual variables in the real match, his/her decision-making behaviors would be purposeful, and by searching for available information, his/her actions would be modified to accomplish the objectives of the task (such as two touches game, ball maintenance, ...). playing soccer are performed in an open environment, so coach must strengthen the diversity of players’ performance by manipulating the task constraints. “conditional play” activities in football training play an important role in developing skills and improving motor performance. according to the constraint-led approach, the ecological dynamics of the game must be maintained in the training and execution of sports practices. to achieve this, the selection and modification of the task constraints is a determining factor for the quality and efficiency of the coach’s intervention (newell 1986). the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of manipulating task constraints (free play, two touches and three-passes) in ssg on changes in the attacking behavior of adolescent players in soccer schools. according to almeida et al.2012’s protocol, 8 soccer players were asked to play with each other. evaluating the simple and combined indices showed that changing the play constraints had a meaningful effect on individual and team indices. clemente and mendes (2011), also, through manipulating the instructional constraints in 1×1 attacking conditions and its effect on performance index found that meaningful results among different conditions. it means that the coaches’ commands are one of the important constraints to guide the players’ performance during training .10 soccer players u-13 (age: 11.8±2.3; experience: 5.1±1.8 years) participated in this study. they had at least 4 years of participation in soccer school and national tournaments. in order to maintain the environmental (external) validity of the research, the criterion for matching the subjects was their experience of participating in national tournaments. the players selected based on the opinion of the club coach had the necessary abilities, individual skills and physical fitness for that level of competition.