تجربه زیسته معلمان دوره ابتدایی از فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های تدریس در شبکه آموزشی دانش‌آموزان (شاد): یک مطالعه پدیدارشناسی

هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل ادراک معلمان ابتدایی در خصوص فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های تدریس در شبکه آموزشی دانش‌آموزان (شاد) بود. این مطالعه با استفاده از رویکرد کیفی و طرح پدیدارشناسانه صورت گرفت. به منظور گردآوری داده‌ها از مصاحبه کیفی نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده شد. با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، پس از انجام 21 مصاحبه اشباع داده‌ها حاصل شد. تحلیل عمیق دیدگاه‌های معلمان، موجب شناسایی و دسته‌بندی ده فرصت شامل: جبران عقب افتادگی تحصیلی در ایام قرنطینه، افزایش مسئولیت‌پذیری و درگیری بیشتر اولیا با فرآیند یاددهی یادگیری دانش‌آموزان، افزایش سرعت انتقال اطلاعات و ارائه اطلاعات جدید، ایجاد انگیزه در معلمان برای ارتقاء سواد رسانه‌ای، شناخته شدن معلمان توانمند و خلاق و فراهم شدن زمینه‌ای برای به اشتراک گذاشتن فایل‌ها و تجارب معلمان، افزایش مسئولیت‌پذیری معلمان برای مطالعه بیشتر، جذاب و برانگیزاننده بودن استفاده از آن برای دانش‌آموزان، علاقه‌مند کردن دانش‌آموزان به دانش روز و پژوهش کردن، انعطاف‌پذیری در ساعت شروع کلاس و حذف ترددهای پرهزینه، پرورش خلاقیت در دانش‌آموزان برای ارائه تکالیف به شیوه‌ای نو و نه چالش شامل: عدم دسترسی همه دانش‌آموزان به فضای مجازی به ویژه در مناطق محروم و ایجاد نابرابری در فرصت آموزش، سنگین بودن هزینه‌های اینترنت برای خیلی از خانواده‌ها، کند بودن سرعت اینترنت، دشوار بودن سنجش یادگیری واقعی دانش‌آموزان و سلب شدن قدرت نظارت از معلم، اعتیاد برخی دانش‌آموزان به اینترنت و گوشی، استفاده بی‌جا و بی‌رویه از مطالب دیگران، عدم وقت‌گذاری برخی معلمان به امر تدریس و ارزیابی، استفاده از نرم‌افزار به عنوان ابزار تبلیغات، کاهش انگیزه برخی دانش‌آموزان نسبت به تحصیل در شیوه جدید تدریس گردید.

Lived Experience of Elementary School Teachers about The Opportunities and Challenges of Teaching in the Educational Network of Students (SHAD): A Phenomenological Study

The new coronavirus (COVID19) pandemic has complicated state of affairs around the world. Originating from the Wuhan’s China in midSeptember, COVID19 has gradually spread to all countries across the world. The World Health Organization issued a statement declaring the outbreak of coronavirus to be a public health emergency that posed a threat to the entire world. Although different age groups and social classes are threatened by COVID19, care for and control of educational environments have been amongst the first safety measures of the crisisstricken countries due to the student high population, high classroom density, use of shared spaces and facilities and, in turn, health consequences and high probability of transmitting the virus through this group to all members of the community. Million children and young people were forced to drop out of school due to widespread closure of educational institutions by governments to slow down the spread of coronavirus. Some countries closed all schools resulting in negative impacts on students in preschool to senior high school levels.  Following the crisis of coronavirus in different parts of the world, the outbreak of the disease in Iran was officially confirmed on February 20th, 2019. Considering the high population of Iranian students, shortly after the outbreak of coronavirus in the country, schools faced closure. However, government’s motto during the shutdown was that although schools and universities are closed, but teaching and learning continues. Accordingly, various strategies were designed to continue educational and research goals, mainly based on cyberspace and distance learning. In this way, the Students Educational Network (SHAD) was launched by the Ministry of Education to organize the students’ virtual education. SHAD is similar to real schools in the structure; i.e. students can enter their virtual classrooms and teacher carries on and monitors the process of teaching and learning according to the class timetables set by the principal. Moreover, school principals and administrative staffs are responsible for monitoring virtual classrooms and the students’ attendance in the classes. Teaching lessons by the teachers constituted the main content of the virtual education on SHAD, but the teachers have been free to choose the appropriate educational content and resort to: the recorded TV educational programs uploaded on Telewebion for about a month, contents offered by the Roshd network affiliated with the Organization for Educational Research and Planning (OERP), sharing contents with other educational groups, using programs developed by educational groups and the curriculum secretariats, etc. Despite offering promising educational prospects of distance learning, SHAD has also posed certain challenges for the teachers. Their most important criticism was related to the application’s technical infrastructure, especially its low speed Acknowledging the drawbacks of SHAD, some education experts have referred to the opportunities of this network including: motivating teachers to use technology, identifying and introducing capable and creative teachers, sharing the experiences and knowledge of capable teachers, expanding educational justice by sharing educational contents from/to different parts of the country, being an official network for monitoring different levels of education, creating opportunities to empower teachers and turning school principals into policy makers, as well as identifying efficient and inefficient school principals. Despite the identification of positive and negative outcomes of SHAD in various journals, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the issue and scientific investigation on the application. Therefore, the present study tried to, objectively and regardless of any judgment, uncover and represent the perceptions and beliefs of teachers regarding the opportunities and challenges of primary education in the Students Educational Network (SHAD). The study reconstructed the semantic understanding of teachers about strengths and challenges of teaching in the SHAD network through phenomenological approach. Semistructured interviews conducted on 21 teachers. Due to the fact that this study was conducted during the outbreak of coronavirus and during the quarantine period of the disease, all interviews were conducted on the phone. Each interview lasted 45 to 60 minutes. Although qualitative interviews with a limited number of participants cannot be statistically generalizable to the wider population, it serves to dispose hidden and generally forgotten layers and aspects in education. The results of the present study revealed a host of teacher problems when teaching on SHAD, which requires intelligent development and restoration by related organizations. In sum, indepth analysis of teachers’ opinions eventuated in the identification of 10 strengths in two categories of teachercentered and studentcentered strengths and nine challenges in the three categories of infrastructure and technical challenges, challenges created in the teachinglearning process and sociocultural challenges. Benefits of virtual classes including compensating for school lost days during quarantine days; increasing parental responsibility and engagement with students’ teachinglearning process; increasing the teaching speed of new and updated information; motivating teachers to promote media literacy; recognizing capable and creative teachers; providing a platform for teachers to share files and experiences; increasing teachers’ responsibility to study more; to be appealingand motivating for students to use; making students interested in uptodate knowledge and research; flexibility in classroom time and the elimination of costly traffic; and fostering creativity in students to present assignments in unique ways. In addition, nine deficiencies were revealed that can be improved including lack of access to cyberspace for some students especially in disadvantaged areas that creates inequality in education opportunities; high internet costs for many families; slow internet speed; difficulty in measuring students’ real learning and teachers’ deprivation of their complete supervisory; internet and cell phone addiction in some students; inappropriate use of other people’s content; teachers’ negligence in teaching and assessment; using SHAD application for advertisement; motivation reduction in some students to study in this new way of learning.  Taking these challenges and opportunities into account, SHAD can be applied as a good supplement to the traditional education after the reopening of the schools. Given the school shutdown and the continuation of formal education through cyberspace, it seems that distance learning (elearning) might become a crucial element in future education systems which warrants governments’ attention. Employing virtual teaching in tandem traditional schooling guarantees learning in students. Combining the strengths of both facetoface and online learning methods, which is known blended learning or the 21st century strategic approach, has the potential to improve the quality of students’ learning.