بازتاب روابط سیاسی و تجاری شاه عباس اول و جمهوری ونیز در اسناد و آثار هنری آرشیو ونیز و موزه کورِّر

تا پیش از دوره صفوی، روابط ایران و غرب، بسیار محدود بود و تنها اسناد کمی در زمینه حضور تجار ونیزی در تبریزِ عصر ایلخانی، روابط ایران و اسپانیا در دوره تیموری و اتحاد ایران با جمهوری ونیز به منظور مقابله با ترکان عثمانی از دوره آق‌قویونلوها در دست است؛ اما دوره شاه عباس اول را باید نقطه عطفی در روابط ایران و اروپا دانست که پیش از این نیز در تحقیقات تاریخ سیاسی درباره آن مطالبی آمده است؛ اما مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش آثار هنری در قالب هدایای سیاسی و پیگری نحوه بازتاب هنر ایران در آثار به جای مانده از هنر وقت جمهوری ونیز، به بررسی اسناد باقی مانده از این دوران پرداخته است. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تاریخی و با بررسی اسناد مکتوب موجود در آرشیو ملی ونیز و آثار هنری موزه کورِّر مربوط به آن دوران، انجام شده است. روش گردآوری داده ها کتابخانه ای و اسنادی است؛ نتایج پژوهش نشانگر رویکردهای شاه عباس در روابط خود با ونیز در سه بُعد سیاسی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی با اولویت گسترش جنبه‌های فرهنگی است که در نتیجه آن، ثبت رویداد در اسناد ونیز، ثبت هدایای ایران و توجه به سیما و پوشش سفیران ایرانی به عنوان سوژه‌‌های جدید، توسط هنرمندان مقیم در این شهر رواج پیدا کرد و آن را باید زمینه ساز اولیه شناخت اروپاییان از ایران دوره صفوی دانست که ضمن ترویج فرهنگ و هنر ایرانی در ونیز و گسترش آن به سایر کشورهای غربی، موجب گسترش روابط و حضور بیش‌تر اروپاییان در ایران شد.

reflection of political and economic relations between shah abbas i and the venice republic in documents and artworks in the national archive of venice (asve) and museo correr

the present research has been carried out following extensive studies and investiga before the safavid period (1501-1736), the relations between iran and the west were very limited, and there are only few available documents regarding the presence of venetian merchants in tabriz during the ilkhanate period in iran (1256-1356), the relations between iran and spain during the timurid period (1370-1507), and the union of iran with the republic of venice to confront the ottoman turks from the aq qoyunlu period (1450-1501). during the reign of shah abbas i (1588-1629) and following the expansion of the ottoman empire toward the west, the relations between iran and the republic of venice (serenissima at that time) reached their peak in the direction of unity against the common enemy - the ottoman empire - and as a result, part of the art, as well as, the way of venetian document writing was influenced. due to this necessity, in 1592, pope clement viii (papacy: 1592-1605) sent a letter to shah abbas in which he spoke about the necessity of unity to confront the turks.although these relations were initially formed with a political approach, examining the documents of the national archive of venice (asve) and the works in the museo correr, the most important museum in venice, located in st. mark’s square indicates that in most of the letters exchanged between shah abbas and the republic of venice, the strength of cultural and friendly relations has been emphasized between these two countries. the continuation of these relations caused the attention of italians to be drawn to safavid iran, and many historians and world travelers of this nationality detailed the geography, customs, history, and events of iran in their writings. a large part of these writings, which have been written in various forms, including travelogues, diaries, and historical reports, in addition to the documents related to the commercial-political relations between iran and venice, are kept in the national archive of this city today. one of the most important aspects of these documents can be seen in connection with economic issues. however, this type of document writing began in 1600 with the notification of shah abbas’s decree to efeh bey, an important part of these documents dated back to 1603 and later years. in this year, fethi bey arrived in venice as the shah’s ambassador. the document of his presence in the senate of venice is the first italian document that refers to the presence of an iranian in this city. this year, he brought along a letter from shah abbas, which was written to mario grimani the duke of venice. in this letter, shah abbas has expressed his three main goals in the most respectful possible way: establishing friendly relations, increasing military weapons, and expanding trade relations.a painting from 1603 by gabriele caliari in the palazzo ducale -royal palace of venice- shows grimani receiving gifts from shah abbas.