هنر و هوش مصنوعی از منظر رفتارگرایی و آزمون تورینگ

در سال های اخیر هوش مصنوعی با ارائه امکانات، ابزارها و تکنیک‌های نوآورانه، تحولات چشمگیری را در حوزه هنر پدید آورده است. از اینرو، مانند هر فناوری دگرگون‌کننده دیگری، ادغام هوش مصنوعی در دنیای هنر و نقش غیر قابل انکار آن در خلق آثار هنری، سوالات و ملاحظات متعددی را مطرح می‌کند که ممکن است تاکنون با دقت لازم مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار نگرفته باشند. از جمله مهمترین این پرسش ها به عملکرد هوش مصنوعی در خلق اثر هنری اصیل باز می گردد. به طور مشخص، این پرسش که آیا هوش مصنوعی می تواند آثاری همتراز آثار هنری انسان به وجود آورد؟ هوش مصنوعی با رفتارگرایی، به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین نظریه های فلسفه و روانشناسی، پیوند نزدیکی دارد. تاکید این نظریه بر عملکرد یا «رفتار قابل مشاهده» به عنوان کانون اصلی درک و تحلیل می باشد. از اینرو عملکرد هوش مصنوعی بر اساس این رویکرد در سطح رفتار مورد ارزیابی قرار خواهد گرفت. به این منظور در ابتدا به طور مختصر به رویکرد رفتارگرایی و ارتباط آن با هوش مصنوعی پرداخته خواهد شد. سپس آزمون تورینگ به عنوان یک آزمون محوری در زمینه هوش مصنوعی شرح داده خواهد شد. این آزمون معیاری رفتارگرایانه در جهت سنجش هوش و خلاقیت ماشین به دست می دهد. در بخش بعدی با نظر به معیار رفتارگرایانه آزمون تورینگ و ملاحظه عناصر اصلی آثار هنری اصیل، دو دسته از آثار هنری مورد سنجش قرار خواهند گرفت. این دو دسته شامل آثار تولید شده توسط هوش مصنوعی و آثار خلق شده توسط انسان می باشد. این بررسی زمینه مناسبی را برای ارزیابی عملکرد ماشین در مقایسه با انسان به دست خواهد داد. بنابر این روش پژوهش حاضر به این صورت است که با استفاده از منابع مختلف، داده هایی در ارتباط با آثار هنری حاصل از هوش مصنوعی جمع آوری و به شیوه ای کیفی توصیف می گردند. سپس این داده ها با عناصر موجود در آثار هنری انسان مقایسه می شوند و بر اساس معیار اصلی آزمون تورینگ مورد تحلیل قرار می گیرند. در نهایت این نتیجه حاصل می گردد که عملکرد هوش مصنوعی دست کم بر اساس معیارهای رفتارگرایانه یعنی از لحاظ رفتار مشاهده پذیر، می تواند منجر به پدید آمدن آثاری همتراز آثار هنری خلق شده توسط انسان شود.

art and artificial intelligence from the perspective of behaviorism and the turing test

in recent years, artificial intelligence has created significant developments in various artistic fields, including architecture, cinema, music and other artistic fields, by providing innovative facilities, tools and techniques. especially in the field of visual arts, it has caused the creation of significant works of art, whose nature requires a more detailed evaluation and understanding. therefore, like any other transformative technology, the integration of artificial intelligence in the world of art and its undeniable role in the creation of works of art raises many questions and considerations that may not have been carefully examined until now. among the most important of these questions comes back to the performance of artificial intelligence in creating an original work of art. specifically, the question of whether artificial intelligence can create works equal to human works of art? since ai is algorithm-based and often trained on existing art, can its output be considered a creative and authentic work of art?therefore, the main goal of this article is to investigate the performance of artificial intelligence in the production of original works of art. artificial intelligence is closely related to behaviorism, as one of the most important theories of philosophy and psychology. the emphasis of this theory is on performance or &observable behavior& as the main focus of understanding and analysis. therefore, in this research, the performance of artificial intelligence is evaluated based on this approach at the level of behavior. for this purpose, the approach of behaviorism and its connection with artificial intelligence will be briefly discussed at first. then the turing test is described as a central test in the field of artificial intelligence. this test provides a behavioral criterion for measuring the intelligence and creativity of the machine. in the next section, two categories of works of art will be evaluated according to the behavioral criteria of the turing test and considering the main elements of original works of art. these two categories include works produced by artificial intelligence and works created by humans. in this way, by using different sources, data related to art works from artificial intelligence are collected and described in a qualitative way. then these data are compared with the elements found in human works of art and are analyzed based on the main criteria of the turing test. this review provides a good basis for evaluating the machine’s performance compared to humans.as mentioned, in the present research, in order to investigate the performance of artificial intelligence in creating an original work of art, firstly, the approach of behaviorism and its relationship with artificial intelligence is explained. behaviorism is a school of thought in philosophy and psychology that claims that mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and beliefs can only be understood in terms of their relationship with &observable behavior&. according to behaviorists, behavior can be explained based on causal relationships between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. the focus of this research is on philosophical behaviorism. philosophical behaviorism, also known as logical behaviorism, is a theory about the nature of the mind. behaviorists in the field of philosophy also believe that mental states can only be explained in terms of behavior. in other words, mental states are only descriptions of certain types of behavior. this approach originated from the works of philosophers such as gilbert ryle and ludwig wittgenstein.from the 1950s until now, the connection between behaviorism and artificial intelligence was formed. although these two may seem different from each other, they both pay special attention to &observable behavior&. the initial research of artificial intelligence was influenced by the principles of behaviorism. for example, the turing test, which is one of the most popular artificial intelligence tests, is basically a behavioral evaluation. just as behaviorists consider the only valid data for studying the mind to be &observable behaviors,& the turing test also shows that a machine can be considered &intelligent& based on its &observable behavior& regardless of its internal processes or understanding. therefore, this test provides a suitable criterion for measuring intelligence based on performance and &observable behavior&.the turing test is conducted through a question and answer process. a human evaluator or judge asks an unseen audience, either a human or a computer, through a text and with a computer, and based on the answers, he must determine whether he is talking to a human or a machine. if the judge cannot distinguish the machine from the human in the answers he receives, it is said that the machine has passed the test successfully. the results of this test depend on how much the machine’s answers to the questions are indistinguishable from the answers given by a human or how similar they are to human answers. in this section, the performance stages of the turing test are formulated as follows:input behavior: the evaluator provides data to the machine and asks for an output from it.output behavior: then the machine responds to the input. this answer is &observable behavior& in this context.at the end of this section, in order to take advantage of the main criteria of the turing test in order to evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence in the creation of artwork, a new formulation of this test in the field of art is presented, which is as follows:input behavior: the programmer provides data related to the creation of the artwork to the machine and asks it for an artwork.output behavior: then the device produces the artwork in response to the input data. the output of the machine is &observable behavior& in the context of