بررسی و تحلیل اسطوره شاماران بر اساس الگوی سفر قهرمان جوزف کمبل

اسطوره‌ها، افسانه و داستان‌های بسیار کهن به درازای خلقت بشر می‌باشند که حاوی معانی مستتر و نهفته درون روایت، حامل جهان‌بینی و ویژگی‌های فرهنگی آن جامعه می‌باشند. شاماران(نیمه انسان نیمه مار)، یک روایت اسطوره‌ای است که از زمان‌های دور بافرهنگ کردستان گره‌خورده است. شاماران در هنر و ادبیات کردستان خدا بانوی مارها، نگهبان گنج و ثروت و دانای کل، استعاره‌ای کهن از دانش‌هایی است که در اختیار اوست. افسانه کهن و اساطیری شاماران دارای چند نوع روایت متفاوت در میان کردهای ایران است. در این پژوهش، روایتی مورد تحلیل قرار می‌گیرد که، در بخش‌های زیادی از استان کردستان و کرمانشاه در میان عوام مردم رواج دارد. نگارندگان در این پژوهش، قصد دارند ساختار و محتوای این روایت را مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار دهند. به همین جهت، رویکرد سفر قهرمان از جوزف کمبل را انتخاب کرده و با روایت داستان تطبیق داده تا به درک و شناخت بهتری از قهرمان اسطوره‌ای، هم‌چنین، ساختار و محتوای داستان دست یابند. این پژوهش، به لحاظ ماهیت از نوع کیفی بوده و روش تحقیق توصیفیتحلیلی می‌باشد. هم‌چنین گردآوری اطلاعات و داده‌ها با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای صورت گرفته است. این مقاله، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است: آیا روایت مورد نظر از افسانه شاماران در این پژوهش، دارای روایت و ساختار اسطوره‌ای می‌باشد؟ نتیجه نشان داد که، قهرمان هم‌چون سایر اساطیر در مسیر سفر خویش به تکامل می‌رسد؛ و ساختار داستان شاماران اگرچه در اکثر مراحل با الگوی اسطوره یگانه کمبل مطابقت دارد، اما بخش‌هایی از آن وجود نداشته و سیر مراحل آن به‌صورت متوالی رعایت نشده است؛ چنان‌که قهرمان داستان، جایزه و برکت سفر خویش را در آخر داستان با پیوند با شاماران در دنیای فانی انسان‌ها دریافت می‌کند؛ نه در سرزمین اساطیر.

Studying and Analyzing Shamaran mythBased on Joseph Campbell’s “Hero’s journey”

Myths, legends and stories are very old as far as human creation is concerned, which contain hidden meanings hidden within the narrative, carries the worldview and cultural characteristics of that society.Shamaran (half humanhalf snake) is a mythical narrative that has been tied to the culture of Kurdistan since ancient times. Shamaran in the art and literature of Kurdistan The god of snakes, the guardian of treasure and wealth and the omniscient, is an ancient metaphor of the knowledge at his disposal. In this research, a narrative is analyzed that is common among the common people in many parts of Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces. But this myth has not yet been analyzed from the perspective of mythology, and in this study for the first time from the perspective of the late mythologist, Joseph Campbell is analyzed and studied. This research is based on the hypothesis that the narration of Shamaran legend has mythical features and structure. In this research, the authors intend to analyze the structure and content of this narrative, so they chose the approach of the hero’s journey from Joseph Campbell and adapted it to the narrative to better understand the mythical hero, as well as the structure and content of this narrative. Achieve the story. Joseph Campbell, in order to structure the narrative and the story of the myths and their hero’s journey between his world and mythology, proposed a unique myth model, according to which the mythical hero’s journey follows a fixed pattern. During the journey, the mythical hero engages in countless adventures and experiments, all of which aim to actually change the hero towards mental and physical development. During this journey, the hero becomes aware of his weaknesses and abilities, and by strengthening his mental spirit, he comes out proud in all the tests and reaches his eternal reward. The hero’s journey begins with an unseen voice or invitation. The hero’s journey is in situations and places beyond human ability and faces many problems and tests, small and large, and in the last stage, he encounters the most difficult and terrifying demon and obstacle of the journey, which he achieves to achieve full selfawareness and receive an eternal reward. It is great that it can bring grace and blessings to others. According to Campbell’s theory, the journey of all myths has a narrative in form and structure and is classified into three general stages: &Departure, Rite of Arrival, Return.&Joseph Campbell presented the theory of the unique myth model in three stages (departure, ritual, return) with different sections, the purpose of which is to study the commonalities of the journey of mythical heroes and to present a common model of the journey of mythical heroes. In this study, the authors have analyzed the structure and content of the narrative of the legend of Shamaran and adapted it to the model of the hero’s journey by Joseph Campbell in order to gain a better understanding of the mythical hero, as well as the structure and content of the story. The result showed that the hero of Shamaran, like other myths, evolves in the course of his journey and the structure of the story of Shamaran, although in most stages corresponds to the pattern of the unique myth (the journey of the hero) Campbell, but there are no parts of it and its stages are not observed sequentially. The protagonist receives the reward and blessing of his journey at the end of the story by connecting with Shamaran in the mortal world of human beings, not in the land of myths.