بررسی سکه‌های اشکانی موجود در موزه ملک

سکه سندی مکتوب و معتبر،کتابی کوچک و پرمحتواست که ضرورت شناخت و اهمیت آن از جهات مختلف حائز اهمیت است. علم سکه‌شناسی توانسته است، بزرگ‌ترین خدمت را در راستای روشن شدن تاریخ گذشته از خود نشان بدهد؛ سکه، در هر دوره، در درجه اول از اهمیت اقتصادی و سیاسی برخوردار بوده و در کنار آن، نماینده عادات، آداب، خط، زبان، هنر، مذهب، تمدن، پیشرفت و  انحطاط وضع اجتماعی است و در حقیقت، منبع اطلاعات صحیح و دقیقی است از دورانی که سکه ضرب شده است. موزه ملک، یکی از گنجینه‌های بزرگ و پرارزش به‌لحاظ سکه‌شناسی ایران باستان می‌باشد که سکه‌های اشکانی موجود آن جایگاه خاصی در این مجموعه دارند. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، شناسایی، گردآوری و تحلیل نقوش تزیینی روی سکه‌های دوره اشکانی موجود در موزه ملک می‌باشد. این تحقیق با این پرسش آغاز گردیده است: ارتباط ساختار تصویر و محتوای سکه های اشکانی موجود در موزه ملک با هنر و تاریخ زمان ضرب سکه ها چگونه است؟ روش تحقیق، تحلیلی– توصیفی است؛ به این منظور، بعد از بازدید از موزه ملک با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای به جمع‌آوری اطلاعات مربوطه پرداخته، سپس، به معرفی سکه های اشکانی موجود در این مجموعه پرداخته و آن‌ها را توصیف کرده و در انتها نیز با توجه به تجمیع داده های موردبحث به پرسش مطروحه که در ابتدای امر پایه اصلی این تحقیق را شکل داده‌اند پاسخ داده می‌شود. به‌عنوان نتیجه، می‌توان به این نکته اشاره کرد: اشکانیان به‌علت علاقه و احترام خاص به بنیان‌گذار سلسله، در مدت نزدیک به پنج قرن تصویر ارشک اول یا اشک یکم(حدود 248-2250 ق.م.) را بر پشت درهم‌ها حک می‌نمودند. روش گردآوری اطلاعات میدانی، استفاده از منابع مکتوب، کتاب‌خانه‌ای و هم‌چنین، شبکه جهانی اطلاع‌رسانی(اینترنت) بوده است.

Studying of Parthian Coins Existing in the Malek Museum of Tehran

Abstract The coin is a valid and written document and a tiny rich book and the necessity of recognition and its importance in different aspects is important. A coin is a piece of metal of a certain weight on which the official mark of the state or government which shows its weight and cutie is inscribed. Coinage is one of the great human inventions that continued uninterruptedly, and despite political conquests, it continued on its way, creating a strong communication field for people to use common criteria for evaluating their assets, profits, losses and debts.  The amount of tax, intraborder and crossborder transactions was calculated by coin. In most ancient Iranian coins, the face of the kings was carved headon, while in the Parthian period most of the faces of the emperors and kings were carved from side and profile on the coins. Even the long bearded royal and bearded faces are clearly visible on their coins. The image of the ruler is in profile, often to the left and rarely to the right, and in some cases the image of the king is presented in full. In the Malek Museum Collection there are only three coins belonging to the Parthian Period, depicted the King’s coin, looking to the right. Numismatics had a great service to mankind in order to clarify the past history. The coin primarily has economic and political importance in any period. Besides it indicates the habits, costumes, script, language, art, religion, civilization, development and the decline of social status. As a matter of fact, it is the source of accurate information about the period in which the coin was minted. Malek Museum is one of the precious and great treasures in terms of numismatics of ancient Persia. The Parthian coins existing in the museum have a special place in this collection. The wide variety of decorative motifs used in the Parthian’s coins available at the Malek Museum contains symbolic and historical religious references and other details that provide scholars with useful information about the culture and its history in ancient Iran. These motifs rely on a rich symbol system. In ancient Iran, during the Achaemenid period, Darius I for the first time minted the famous gold and silver coins that were in full use in the world of that day. This trend continued uninterrupted in the postAchaemenid period. In the Parthian Era, most coins were minted in silver, copper and other alloys, which are aesthetically and historically valuable. Many coins of this period are kept in the Malek Museum. The purpose of this study was to identify the apparent structure of Parthian coins based on a specimen of the Malek Museum Treasury to identify them. The main purpose of the research is to identify, gather and analyze the decorative motifs on the Parthian Period coins in the Malek museum. Introducing the Malek Museum can be of great help to ancient Iranian Art scholars as it has a relatively rich treasure and gathering this volume of ancient Iranian coins into one collection will shorten the difficult way for researchers to search for it. This research was started with the following question: “How is the relation of the image and content structure of Parthian coins in the Malek Museum with art and history of mintage period?” It is an analytical – descriptive research. So, after visiting the Malek Museum, we collected the relevant information using library sources. Then we introduced and described the Parthian Coins in this collection. Finally, according to collected data, we answered the mentioned questions that are the main stand of the research. As a result, it can be noted that Parthians had craved the image of Arsaces I on the back of dirhams for nearly five centuries (about 248 – 250 BC) because of special love and respect to the founder of the dynasty. The method of collecting field information has been through the use of written, library and other sources such as the World Wide Web.