characterization of particulate matter exposure and health implications in poorly ventilated chemical retail outlets: evidence from ogbo-ogwu market

This study investigated the impact of poor ventilation on air quality and health risks in chemical stores at ogbo-ogwu market, onitsha, nigeria. over a three-month period, particulate matter (pm1, pm2.5, pm4, pm7, pm10, and tsp) was measured with an aerocet (531) particulate analyzer in six chemical stores of three storekeepers from each and compared their concentrations to those in control clothing stores located 1.1 km away. biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kits. the results revealed that particulate concentrations in chemical stores were significantly higher than in control stores, indicating elevated pollutant concentrations due to inadequate ventilation. the exposure factor-adjusted air concentration (ef-aac) and hazard quotients (hq) metrics further highlighted substantial health risks, with chemical store environments posing greater hazards compared to controls. biomarker analysis of exhaled breath condensate (ebc) showed increased oxidative stress and inflammation among chemical storekeepers, as evidenced by higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (h₂o₂), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars), and leukotriene b4 (ltb4). these biomarkers correlate with the physiological impacts of prolonged particulate exposure and suggest an elevated risk of respiratory conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). this research underscores the critical need for improved ventilation in chemical stores to mitigate health risks. the findings provide valuable insights into occupational health challenges in developing regions and highlight the importance of enhancing air quality management to protect workers' health in similar environments worldwide.