assessment of converter sludge from esfahan steel company as a persulfate nano-activator for permeable reactive barriers (prbs) in landfill leachate treatment

The present research studies the performance of converter sludge (cl) as a nano-activator of persulfate (ps) in permeable reactive barrier (prb) as an in-situ technology for leachate treatment. in batch experiments, the acidic conditions (ph = 3) have been the most suitable for removal operations, where cod and nh3 removal efficiencies are 69.15% and 60.96%, respectively. the box–behnken design (bbd) has been employed to optimize three parameters, namely ps/ cod ratio, cs dose, and pore volume (pv), using cod and nh3 of leachate landfill as the target pollutant. the bbd is considered a satisfactory model to optimize the process. under optimal conditions (ps/cod ratio: 3.47, cs dose: 3.09 g l^-1, and pv: 4.27), the measured values of the cod and nh3 removal efficiencies have been 74.2 and 66.8, respectively, all within the 95%-prediction intervals, which indicate the model’s success in predicting removal values. the biodegradability (bod5/cod) of the real leachate has been enhanced from 0.25 to 0.77, with the toxicity of real leachate getting decreased by more than 90%.