waste orange peel adsorbent for heavy metal removal from water

Batch adsorption process was employed to remove copper(ii) and cadmium(ii) ions from contaminated water using dried orange peel powder as a cellulosic adsorbent, which supports circular economy and sustainability. metal ion concentrations were determined using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (faas). effects of ph, sorbate-sorbent contact time, metal ion concentration and adsorbent dose on the removal efficiency of the metal ions were investigated. the adsorption equilibrium was reached at 120 and 150 minutes for cu(ii) ions and cd(ii) ions, respectively. at optimized ph and biosorbent load, 10 mg l^-1 of cu(ii) and cd(ii) ions could be removed to the extent 96.9% and 98.1%, respectively, within 2 hrs. however, the percentage removal of metal ions decreased with increasing their initial concentrations. the observed adsorption data was also interpreted in terms of langmuir and freundlich adsorption isotherm models. the calculated equilibrium data fitted more adequately with freundlich model (higher correlation coefficient, r²) than langmuir model, indicating heterogeneity of adsorption sites due to different functional groups in cellulose. cd(ii) ions showed less binding affinity and less desorption than cu(ii) ions. the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of dried orange peel were 2.78 mg/g and 2.57 mg/g for copper(ii) and cadmium(ii) ions, respectively.