تعیین تنوع ژنتیکی تعدادی از گونه های قدومه (.alyssum spp) ایران با استفاده از توالی های ناحیه its

سرده alyssum l. یکی از بزرگترین سرده های خانواده brassicaceae با حدود 190-170 گونه بومی در سراسر جهان است. تاکنون 35 آرایه (taxon) شامل 28 گونه و 7 واریته از این تیره در ایران شناسایی شده است. در طب سنتی از برخی از گونه‌های قدومه ‌به‌عنوان پادزهر مخصوص در برابر بیماری ‌هاری و همچنین به‌عنوان آرام بخش، درمان سکسکه، خلط آور و درمان سرفه استفاده می‌شود. برای تعیین رابطه تبارزایشی بین 42 گونه از سرده قدومه (شامل 16 گونه از ایران و 26 گونه از سایر کشورها) از توالی های ناحیه its ریبوزومی استفاده شد. بیشینه احتمال و تجزیه و تحلیل بیشینه صرفه جویی توالی های its، درختان تبارزایشی را ایجاد کردند که تقریباً یکسان بودند. تجزیه و تحلیل تبارزایشی دو کلاد اصلی را نشان داد. نتایج این مطالعه ضمن اینکه تک‌نیایی بخشه alyssum و پلیتومی بخشه‌های odontarrhena و meniocus را ‌تایید نمود، می تواند در شناسایی و تبارشناسی گونه های این گیاه در ایران مفید باشد. تایید تک نیایی بودن بخشه alyssum پایه علمی محکمی برای مطالعات اکولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی آینده فراهم می کند.

determining the genetic diversity of some iranian alyssum spp. species using internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences

introduction the genus alyssum l., a member of the brassicaceae family, comprises approximately 170 to 195 species worldwide, including 35 taxa native to iran, 28 recognized as distinct species and 7 varieties. alyssum is notable for its ecological diversity and pharmacological potential, serving as a valuable reservoir of biodiversity and traditional medicinal applications. several species have been historically used in traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of rabies, coughs, and as sedatives. despite growing scientific interest, the phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain inadequately resolved, largely due to morphological homoplasy and polyphyly observed in key sections such as odontarrhena and meniocus. to overcome these challenges, molecular markers have become essential tools in systematic studies, using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) region (its1–5.8s–its2) proving especially useful information in resolving complex taxonomic relationships. this study represents a pioneering effort to conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of iranian alyssum species using its sequence data, with the aim of clarifying taxonomic ambiguities and illuminating their evolutionary relationships. materials and methods in this study, a total of 56 accessions representing 16 alyssum species identified in iran were systematically collected from diverse ecological regions across the country. the sampling strategy included 40 freshly collected specimens and 10 herbarium specimens to ensure comprehensive representation. voucher specimens have been deposited in recognized institutional herbaria for future reference and taxonomic validation. species identification was carried out based on the taxonomy outlined in flora iranica, supplemented by recent taxonomic revisions of the genus. genomic dna was extracted using a modified ctab protocol, optimized to yield high-quality dna suitable for downstream molecular analyses. the nuclear ribosomal its region was amplified using the universal primers its4 and its5 using standard pcr protocols. sequencing was performed by pouyagene gostar co. (tehran, iran), and chromatograms were validated for quality and accuracy using finchtv software. sequence alignment was conducted using clustalx2, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using both maximum parsimony (mp) and maximum likelihood (ml) methods implemented in paup*4 and mega6, respectively. the robustness of tree topology was assessed via bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. aethionema grandiflorum was used as the outgroup. results and discussion phylogenetic trees were constructed using both maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods, yielding largely congruent topologies. the analyses resolved two primary clades within the genus. notably, this study represents the first report of its sequence data for 16 iranian alyssum species. the findings of this study support the monophyletic nature of the alyssum section and highlight a polytomy within the odontarrhena and meniocus sections. these results contribute valuable insights into the taxonomy and phylogenetic structure of alyssum in iran and provide a robust foundation for future ecological and biochemical investigations. the findings of this study support the idea that both odontarrhena and meniocus could be considered as new genera. interestingly, the placement of a. homalocarpum (section meniocus) within clade i may reflect convergent evolution in seed morphology rather than close evolutionary relationships. additionally, the clade-specific clustering of a. inflatum and a. stapfii underscores their potential as candidates for targeted phytochemical investigations. species in clade ii, due to their metal-tolerant traits, are promising candidates for phytoremediation research. finally, endemic species such as a. polycladum, with their restricted distributions, warrant prioritized conservation efforts. conclusion this study provides, the first its-based phylogeny analysis of iranian alyssum, contributing to the partial resolution of taxonomic ambiguities within the genus. the findings confirm the monophyly of section alyssum and support taxonomic revisions that advocate the separation of polyphyletic sections into distinct genera. sixteen new its sequences were deposited in ncbi databases aiding future studies in biogeography and possible pharmaceutical application of alyssum. furthermore, the taxonomic revisions of this study support splitting polyphyletic sections into distinct genera. it is recommended that trnl-f molecular marker may help to further reveal alyssum phylogenetic problems.