شناسایی نهادهای موثر در شکل گیری اکوسیستم نوآوری در مناطق آزاد تجاری و صنعتی ایران

ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﺗﺠﺎری و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋیﻫﺎی ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻨﺎوری و رﺷﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎی ﻧﻮآوراﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ اﺻﻠﯽ در ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی دﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ-ﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮی اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮآوری در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺘﯽ و ﻓﻀﺎی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎر ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﺮان ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﯽ-رﻏﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻧﯿﻢ ﻗﺮن در ﺣﻮزه ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﺗﺠﺎری و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ، اﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮآوری در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ در ﺷﮑﻞ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﺎﻣﻮرﯾﺖﻫﺎی اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﯽﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﺗﺠﺎری و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ اﯾﺮان و درسﻫﺎی آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ، ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺻﻮرت ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮی اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮآوری در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﺗﺠﺎری و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ای در راﺳﺘﺎی ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ در ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎی اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی و ﻓﻨﺎوراﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ، ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳﻨﺎدی و ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪﻫﺎی ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎرﮔﺰاران و اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ، ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎی ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮی اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮآوری در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﮔﻮﯾﺎی آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮای ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮی اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮآوری در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد و ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪی از ﻣﺰاﯾﺎی ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ آن در ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر دﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻬﺎد ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ، زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ، ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮد.

Institutional analysis of the formation of the innovation ecosystem in free trade and industrial zones

Free trade and industrial zones have been one of the relatively successful strategies for technology development in order to achieve mainland economic growth in many countries around the world. Various studies show that the formation of innovation ecosystems in these areas due to having institutions such as protection laws, easier access to the network of international actors, wellequipped infrastructure, and a suitable business environment is easy. Global experience also confirms that many governments have contributed to the development of technology and, consequently, to economic growth in the mainland by shaping the ecosystem of value creation resulting from innovative activities in these areas. In Iran, despite the history of more than half a century in the field of establishment and management of free trade and industrial zones, but unfortunately not only the innovation ecosystem has not been formed in these zones, but also the basic missions of these zones such as reexport and attract investment Foreign direct has also been neglected. Studies conducted among the free trade and industrial zones of Iran and lessons learned from successful global experiences in this field indicate that to form an innovation ecosystem in the free trade and industrial zones in order to carry out activities Innovative, technological development, economic growth and thus impact on the mainland economy, the need to create new institutions or modify and eliminate existing institutions. This study seeks to provide an institutional model for the formation of the innovation ecosystem in the free trade and industrial zones of Iran.