Presynaptic dopaminergic terminal imaging & non-motor symptoms assessment of Parkinson's disease: Evidence for dopaminergic basis?

Parkinson's disease (pd) is now considered to be a multisystemic disorder consequent on multineuropeptide dysfunction including dopaminergic,serotonergic,cholinergic,and noradrenergic systems. this multipeptide dysfunction leads to expression of a range of non-motor symptoms now known to be integral to the concept of pd and preceding the diagnosis of motor pd. some nonmotor symptoms in pd may have a dopaminergic basis and in this review,we investigate the evidence for this based on imaging techniques using dopamine-based radioligands. to discuss non-motor symptoms we follow the classification as outlined by the validated pd non-motor symptoms scale. © the author(s) 2017.