نقش جهت‌گیری کالبد فضاهای شهری در میزان آسایش اقلیمی شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: شهر بندرعبّاس)

فضاهای شهری، عناصر اصلی ساخت شهر هستند که به قلب و کانون راهبردی اجتماعی مربوط می‌شوند. راحتی و آسایش، پیش‌نیاز یک فضای شهری موفّق هستند، از این میان، آسایش اقلیمی به عنوان تاثیرگذارترین فاکتور آسایش، زمانی برقرار می‌شود که بین دمای دفع‌شده و جذب‌شده توسّط پوست بدن در محیط، تعادل ایجاد شود. این تعادل، تحت تاثیر عواملی مانند درجه حرارت، رطوبت نسبی و جریان هواست و جهت‌گیری مناسب کالبد به عنوان کم‌هزینه‌ترین و تاثیرگذارترین عامل به منظور کنترل این عناصر محیطی تاثیرگذار بر آسایش اقلیمی شهروندان در فضاهای باز مطرح است. در این پژوهش، از روش همبستگی با هدف دستیابی به مناسب‌ترین جهت‌گیری برای فضاهای باز شهر بندرعبّاس از نظر اقلیمی استفاده شد؛ از این رو، ابتدا اختلاف بین جهت‌های مختلف از نظر میزان آفتاب‌گیری در یک مستطیل ثابت در هشت جهت اصلی و فرعی در طول سال به کمک روش آنالیز واریانس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری آر. روی ‌داده‌های 44 ساله هواشناسی تجزیه‌وتحلیل و مقایسه شدند؛ سپس با حذف جهت بادهای مخلّ آسایش از روی گلبادهای برگرفته از داده‌های ذکرشده، جهات یادشده، از نظر میزان آسایش اقلیمی، اولویّت‌بندی شدند. از این میان، طبق نتایج پژوهش حاضر، جهت شمالی جنوبی با اختلافی معنی‌دار نسبت به دیگر جهت‌های اصلی، مطلوب‌ترین و جهت شرقی غربی نامطلوب‌ترین جهت‌گیری کالبد فضاهای باز شهر بندرعبّاس است که می‌تواند در طرّاحی‌های آینده مدّ نظر قرار گیرد. به هرحال، در پژوهش حاضر به دیگر عوامل تاثیرگذار بر آسایش اقلیمی از جمله پوشش، مصالح و... توجّهی نشده است. این عوامل و متغیّرها، باید در پژوهش‌های بعدی موردمطالعه قرار گیرند تا آسایش اقلیمی شهروندان را بتوان به طور همه‌جانبه با مداخله همه متغیّرها پیگیری کرد.

The Role of Urban Spaces Physical Orientation on the Extent of Climate Comfort of Citizens: Case study of Bandar Abbas

Public spaces are the main element of urban structure, in which the stage and backdrop to the drama of public life is shaped. Comfort is a prerequisite for a successful urban space, and an important integrative dimension of the urban experience. In this regard, climate comfort, as the most influential factor, is applicable when the balance is maintained between the temperature released and the temperature absorbed by the skin in the environment. This balance is affected by the environmental elements of temperature, relative humidity, wind flow, and appropriate orientation of urban physical structure. The last element can be recognized as the lowest cost effective factor in climatic comfort of the citizens in public open spaces. In this research, the correlation method is used to determine the appropriate orientation for the public open spaces in Bandar Abbas. Accordingly, at first, a comparison between eight cardinal directions was calculated in terms of the extent of exposure to the sun using analysis of variance method (ANOVA) in R software based on a fixed rectangle form corresponding with these direction during a year. Then, by removing the disruptive winds of comfort, these directions were prioritized using the extent of climate comfort. Based on the results, the northsouth orientation is significantly more important than others and the eastwest is the most undesirable orientation for public spaces physical orientation in Bandar Abbas. This can be a guideline for future development of the city concern public open spaces. ‌However, other climatic factors, including cover, materials, etc. have been neglected in this study. Other factors and variables must be considered in future researches to study the climatic comfort of citizens comprehensively with the intervention of all variables. Extended Abstract 1Introduction People have five basic needs in urban space: comfort, convenience, effective communication with the surroundings, active relationship. Feeling of comfort includes bioclimatic comfort, physical comfort, and social and psychological comfort (Carr et al., 1992). Climatic comfort is generated when there is a balance between disposed and absorbed temperatures of the skin. Bandar Abbas is located in a warm and humid climate whose climatic characteristics are a long and warm season and a short and cool season (Zabul Abbasi et al., 2006). Due to intense sunlight and high humidity, in most days of the year its open spaces are distant with favorable climate conditions. Lack of attention to the orientation of urban spaces has made urban spaces not have suitable climatic conditions for being used by citizens and lose their position in the city. The aim of this study was to find the most appropriate orientation of physic for open space in Bandar Abbas with an emphasis on increasing climatic comfort. 2Materials and Methods The determination of the climate comfort zone in this study has been done on a psychometric chart or clay climate. The data used in this study are hourly data for the analysis of total 44 years (19612004) of Bandar Abbas. To get the proper orientation of the urban spaces, the first rectangular space with a golden ratio (length * 1.63 width) and closeness ratio of 1/2 (width * 2height of the wall) is first simulated. Then this rectangular space is considered to have eight different orientations (northsouth, 22.5, 45, 67.5, eastwest, 112.5, 135, 157.5). This calibration is started as clockwise from the north and 22.5 is added exponentially. In each of these orientations, the solar radiation rate is calculated every 30 min throughout the year and the results are compared. To determine the importance of their differences in different months, at first the significance of these differences should be approved by R software. Thus the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used. Also, in the second part (i.e., wind factor) the rate, feature and direction of the winds were obtained on the basis of the monthly wind rose during a 44year periods in the city. Eliminating undesirable directions and disrupting the climatic comfort, the most desirable and undesirable direction was determined by matching these directions with eight directions. 3Results and Discussion Out of eight studied orientations, the range of 45° (NS to 22.5° and NS to 157.5°), is the most favorable range for orientations of the physic of open spaces in Bandar Abbas in terms of the importance of sunlight to increase climatic comfort. In contrast, the most unfavorable range is the range of 45° (EW to 112.5° and EW to 67.5°). We found that NS and EW, respectively are the most favorable and unfavorable orientation. Of these two orientations, 45° and 135° are the most moderate orientations; a range between favorable and unfavorable ranges. In terms of the wind, a certain range cannot be determined, but the best one is NS because it is driven the most flow into space throughout the year. Moreover, conductive flows in this direction has a desirable quality in order to improve the climate comfort and reduce humidity. The results of this section prove the simultaneous effect of these factors on the level of climate comfort of the citizens in open spaces and the role of the orientation of these spaces in controlling these climatic factors. Accordingly, determining the most suitable orientation of the open spaces of the urban spaces requires the attention of all the affected climatic factors and otherwise the actual results may not be obtained. 4Conclusion According to the results, the northsouth direction is the most suitable orientation for the open spaces of Bandar Abbas, due to the level of climate comfort of the city citizens. Besides, if we use this for open spaces, we will see the highest level of climate comfort in them. It should be noted that in this study, sunshine radiation and flow wind were used as the main factor affecting physical orientations of urban open spaces in order to increase climatic comfort of citizens. ‌However, other climatic factors, including cover, materials ,etc. have been neglected in this study. Other factors and variables must be considered in future researches to study the climatic comfort of citizens comprehensively with the intervention of all variables.