بررسی توسعه نامتوازن و تحوّلات آن در نواحی جغرافیایی ایران (مطالعه موردی: استان لرستان)

نابرابری‌های بین منطقه‌ای و درون منطقه‌ای، به عنوان مشکلی بزرگ در توسعه منطقه‌ای کشورهای در حال توسعه وجود دارد. این نابرابری‌ها از نتایج سیاست‌های رشد قطبی به شمار می‌آید و این نابرابری‌ها مخالف اصول توسعه پایدار و متوازن و عدالت محور است. دغدغه اصلی این کشورها، همواره رسیدن به یک توسعه متعادل بوده است. برخلاف سیاست‌های توسعه منطقه‌ای در ایران که بر اساس کاهش شکاف میان توسعه مناطق مختلف و ایجاد تعادل در توسعه منطقه‌ای است، هنوز هم برخی مناطق و نواحی از کمبود خدمات و تسهیلات پایه‌ای رنج می‌برند. هدف این پژوهش سنجش وضعیّت توسعه‌یافتگی و تعیین میزان نابرابری‌های آن در بین نواحی (شهرستان‌های) استان لرستان است. در این پژوهش، برای گردآوری اطّلاعات، از روش کتابخانه‌ای استفاده شده است. در راستای انجام پژوهش، از 40 شاخص در قالب 6 متغیّر (خدمات عمومی شهری و زیربنایی، اجتماعی جمعیتی، اقتصادی صنعتی، آموزشی، بهداشتی درمانی و کشاورزی) بهره گرفته شده است. این پژوهش درصدد بررسی نابرابری‌های توسعه‌ای در طول دوره مورد نظر است و از تکنیک‌های ویکور و ضریب تمرکز و ضریب توزیع برای بررسی نابرابری در استان استفاده شده است. نتایج به دست آمده نشان‌دهنده عدم توزیع هماهنگ امکانات و خدمات در سطح نواحی استان می‌باشد. تصمیمات سیاسی، امکانات محیطی، محورهای توسعه، محدوده‌های صنعتی و شبکه‌های زیر‌بنایی عمده، نقش موثّری در سطوح برخورداری شهرستان‌های استان دارند. همچنین روند نابرابری‌ها در طول دوره افزایش داشته است و سیاست‌های تمرکز‌زدایی در استان نتوانسته است موفّق عمل کند. در ادامه نیز با تاکید بر تقویت بخش‌های حاشیه‌ای و توسعه‌نیافته استان، پیشنهادهایی جهت کاهش عدم تعادل توسعه در استان لرستان ارائه شده است.

On the Study of Unbalanced Development and its Changes in Geographical Regions of Iran (Case Study: Lorestan Province)

Abstract Extended 1 Introduction Comprehensive excellence and growth of human beings are the general goal of development in each society. As a matter of fact, regional inequality and different rate of development are due to the inability in optimal use of a region natural potentials compared with other regions. One of the most important kind of inequality is spatial inequality. In Iran, like other developing countries, one of the significant features in the national spatial development is the presence of regional and spatial disparities which makes the necessity of research inevitable. Nowadays, recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of each region is considered as a kind of necessity for planning. Using different indices can be appropriate enough not only to determine the status area but also, as a factor, to solve the problems of development. Accessing to statistical data on different indices in various areas and processing them using statistical models are regarded as the important steps to achieve the desired goals.  Development and been developed are the concepts that have no precise definition and comprehensive agreement for them. According to Friedman, development is a creative process and an innovation to make fundamental changes in the social system. In contrast, underdevelopment is an economic condition or development in a region or country that does not have the necessary equipment for initial growth and a high proportion of its resources should be allocated to agricultural work. In recent years, the sustainability concepts and sustainable development in social, economic and environmental policies have attracted a lot of attentions. Focus on regional planning is as one of the important administrative policies to reduce inequalities. It is defined as a way to regulate and coordinate various programs like economic and social programs with local requirements and capabilities. The studying region is Lorestan located in the west and southwest of the country. Lorestan is consist of 10 cities, 25 towns, 27 districts and 84 villages. Its capital is Khoramabad. 2 Materials and Methodology The research method is of a descriptive – analytic one. The data and statistics about incises are derived from statistics and yearbooks. In this study, VIKOR ranking and the Shannon entropy method are applied to rating of the region and weighting to variables respectively. The focus of facilities in the regions is calculated by the models of concentration and distribution coefficients. The data are related to years 1996 and 2014. In this study, Excel and Spss are applied for statistical calculations, while GIS software is used to make graphic maps. VIKOR is one of the new methods for solving multicriteria decisionmaking that aims at choosing the best option based on the most possible answer to the ideal answer. 3 Results and Discussion In the present study, VIKOR technique has been used to leveling the regions. In the first stage, the matrix of primary data is formed. In the second stage, the matrix data will be normalized. Then, in the third stage, the values of Salutary (S) and Regret (R) are calculated. In the fourth stage, the final VIKOR coefficient (Q), as a base for raking the options, is then calculated. In the final step, the cities are ranked based on the values of Q, R, and S. At this stage, the cities are prioritized from the smallest to the biggest based on the values of Q, R, S. In fact, the city with the smallest Q is considered as the best city if and only if the following conditions are provided: Condition A: If A1 and A2 have the first and second rank among m options. Condition B: Option A1 must be recognized as the top one at least in one of the R or S group. According to the obtained values, the second condition is establishing during the period 19962014. Azna and Khoramabad has the highest relative growth, while Delfan has the highest decline. However, Borujourd Selseleh has no significant change in the period. During the period, the inequality in development levels of the city regions is continuing. The province#039;s major axis of development exists in the eastern part, along the northsouth transit route (Tehran) and center of Iran (Esfahan). In contrast, the western part of Kermanshah failed be successful enough and developed less, although it was a communication axis. The concentration coefficient is 9.64 and 10.94 in 1996 and 2014 respectively. The difference of concentration coefficient for the periods is 1.3 for the province which reveals that the centralization has had a growing process. In 1996, the highest focus of facilities is for Khoramabad and Aligoodarz, while the lowest concentration coefficient belongs to Borujerd and Kouhadasht. In 2014, the highest centralization in facility distribution is in Khoramabad and Aligoodarz, while the lowest is in Kouhadasht and Dowrehcheginy.  The findings of all three models indicate that there is inequality in all levels in Lorestan. This inequality is in both having the blessing of development and facility distribution. 4 Conclusion The findings reveal that the regional inequality is apparent in all levels of the province, as there is no logical relationship among the abilities, environmental conditions and the development level. In the following, according to the findings, some strategies are presented to reduce the inequality. They aim at achieving the regional balance in the province: Development of urban and rural public services Promotion of human development, social and cultural indices in accordance with the requirements of development Development of industrial activities, especially in the less developed cities which have the special industrial capabilities Creating the fair opportunities to access education through the urban and rural regions Health promotion of cities, covering health facilities and services through the urban and rural regions Increasing the rate of production and productivity of crops  Increasing the public and private investment Planning based on the facilities and the limitations of each city