Development of in situ sensors for chlorophyll concentration measurement

Chlorophyll fuorescence measurement is a sensitive and effective method to quantify and analyze freshwater and sea water phytoplankton in situ. major improvements in optical design,electronic technology,and calibration protocol have increased the accuracy and reliability of the fuorometer. this review briefy describes the improvement of probe design,excitation light sources,detectors,and calibrations of in situ fuorometers. firstly,various optical designs for increasing the efficiency of fuorescence measurement are discussed. next,the development of electronic technology to meet and improve in situ measurement,including various light sources,detectors,and corresponding measurement protocols,is described. in addition,various calibration materials,procedures,and methods are recommended for different kinds of water. the conclusion discusses key trends and future perspectives for in situ fuorescence sensors. copyright © 2015 l. zeng and d. li.