An optimal operating strategy for battery life cycle costs in electric vehicles

Impact on petroleum based vehicles on the environment,cost,and availability of fuel has led to an increased interest in electric vehicle as a means of transportation. battery is a major component in an electric vehicle. economic viability of these vehicles depends on the availability of cost-effective batteries. this paper presents a generalized formulation for determining the optimal operating strategy and cost optimization for battery. assume that the deterioration of the battery is stochastic. under the assumptions,the proposed operating strategy for battery is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem considering reliability and failure number. and an explicit expression of the average cost rate is derived for battery lifetime. results show that the proposed operating strategy enhances the availability and reliability at a low cost. © 2014 yinghua han et al.