نقد و بررسی کنایات عامّه زبان لری بختیاری

کنایات عامّه یکی از مهم‌ترین عناصر زبان عامّه‌اند و زبان عامّه در مناطق مختلف ایران از این نظر پربار و قابل بررسی است. در سال‌های اخیر و در پرتو پژوهش‌هایی که در حوزه زبان و ادبیات عامّه صورت گرفته، دریچه‌هایی بر این موضوع گشوده شده، اما همچنان جای نقد و بررسی علمی کنایات زبان عامّه، به‌ویژه به‌دلیل خلط‌ شدن آن‌ها با استعارات و امثال، خالی است. بر همین اساس در این مقاله، کنایات عامّه زبان لری بختیاری در محدوده شهرستان کوهرنگ استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، به روش تحلیل محتوا، رویکرد توصیفی تحلیلی مورد نقد و بررسی قرار گرفته و معیارهایی برای شناخت آن‌ها از استعاره‌های مرکب، استعاره‌های تمثیلی و امثال ارائه شده و آن‌گاه، کنایات عامّه از نظر داشتن یا نداشتن معادل در زبان فارسی، موضوع و محتوا، میزان بسامد، نوع کاربرد، ساختمان مکنیٌ‌به، رابطه بین مکنیٌ‌عنه و مکنیٌ‌به، سرعت انتقال از مکنیٌ‌به به مکنیٌ‌عنه، وضوح و خفا و نوع دستوری مکنیٌ‌عنه بررسی شده‌اند و به‌طور خلاصه مشخص شده که در زبان عامه بختیاری، کنایات ویژه‌ای وجود دارد؛ کنایات ساخته‌شده با «آب»، «آتش»، «دست»، «سر» و «رو» بسامد بالایی دارند. در کنایات عامه بختیاری اصل و نسب، شجاعت و دلیری و داشتن هنر ستوده است و بی‌عرضگی، تنبلی و نامرتب ‌بودن نکوهیده. بیشتر کنایات عامه بختیاری از نوع عبارت‌های فعلی‌اند.

a criticism and review of common language ironies by lori bakhtiari

backgroundthe background of the discussion regarding the common allusions of bakhtiari language goes back to the books in which bakhtiari vocabulary and terms are recorded and some common allusions are also mentioned. of these books, first of all, we should mention the dictionary of bakhtiari language by zahrab madadi, which includes some of their ironic uses under many words. of course, madadi sometimes recorded compound metaphors or similes as irony; for example, in the entry aw [aw] (water), he included the phrase he does not make a sound in the house [aw-soδâ-xon-e-niyašne] (water does not hear its own voice) among allusions (madadi, 2012, p. 29 ), or in the entry heart [del], present phrases to blind the heart [taš-e-del-kur-kerden] (to put out the fire of the heart) and to beat his heart [del-aw-vâbiδen]: (melting heart) as an irony, while these expressions, satire and simile could not be classified as ironies. after him, we can mention ghanbari udaivi in bakhtiari’s book of general literature, examples such as zahle-gap, bi-botte, zir-ard-bizi, tave-bardi, rashtan are presented. he recorded reštan-e-ve-som-gâ-gerehδen and some similar examples as an irony, while hiin khoda, bibete, zirardibizi and toh bardi are metaphors, not irony (ghanbari udaivi, 2011, pp. 67-68). ghanbari udaivi recorded 24 samples under the title of kanai zbanzad in his book z shir bengesht [riš-esun-ve- yak-bafte-ye] (their beards are braided together), in which bor-o-duz-kerden (cut and sew) and ri-gur-rahδen (to death approaching) can be considered irony. (ghanbari adaiwi, 2014, pp. 64-65) after him, no detailed and special research was done in this regard; of course, some works sometimes refer to one or more examples with the title of irony, however, since they did not have scientific and precise criteria for this work, we refrained from referring to them.goalscommon allusions are part of common language materials and content (zolfaghari, 2018, pp. 399-403). the elements that can be examined in the common language are mainly: words, idioms, idioms and allusions, sometimes proverbs and sayings, and chistans and objectifications. zolfaghari has placed proverbs, judgments, chistans and object descriptions in the section of public non-narrative literature (ibid., pp. 233-285) in recent years, research in the field of language and public literature has become one of the research fields of professors, students and enthusiasts. of course, the contribution of public literature in this research is more than the common language, while the common language is the main subject of public literature, just as the official persian language is the main material of persian literature.  in any case, just as the category of public etiquette is a wide category, especially in iran, in many provinces and regions, in addition to the persian language, one or more local languages (dialects) are also prevalent, and these languages have a rich general literature. they are also treasures in terms of words, idioms, allusions, and idioms.in this regard, in chaharmahal and bakhtiari province, in addition to persian, lori and turkish languages are also popular. of course, the area covered by the lori language is much wider than the turkish language. studies show that there has been good research about the general literature of lori language, but not much research has been conducted about lori language, especially its linguistic elements, except for a few researches on vocabulary, and this study is more visible on the common allusions of the bakhtiari-speaking people.questionsthis article is written to answer the following questions:a) what is the difference between irony and compound metaphor, allegorical metaphor, and parable?b) what is the frequency of irony in bakhtiari common language?c) how are bakhtiari’s public allusions in terms of content?d) how are the bakhtiari’s general allusions in terms of usage and structure?findingsin this article, the common allusions of lori language and bakhtiari variety in kohrang city of chaharmahal and bakhtiari province are investigated. the data (allusions) in this article have been extracted from the author’s personal archive and bakhtiari language glossary (the work of zohrab madadi), and then they have been arranged alphabetically. finally, they have been reviewed based on the content analysis method, and descriptive-analytical approach.in this review of bakhtiari’s common allusions in terms of having or not having an equivalent in persian language, topic and content, frequent allusions, type of use (reproach, honor, contempt, etc.), among others, there have been some examinations on the structure of the object, the relationship between the object and the object, the speed of transition from object in terms of allusion, the clarity and subtlety and the grammatical type of allusion. in short, it has been determined that irony has a good place in bakhtiari’s general language. in the analyzed sample of bakhtiari’s allusions (1000 allusions), it was found that 400 allusions have an equivalent in persian, but some of them, such as terd-ve-riš-e-kasi-nâhâδen: putting fire on someone’s beard (allusion to seduction), is a characteristic of bakhtiari language. from the analyzed sample size (1000 allusions), 600 allusions can be considered as belonging to this area.