قصه‌های حیوان‌داماد در فرهنگ افسانه‌های مردم ایران

حیوان‌داماد یکی از بن‌مایه‌های قصه‌های عامه است. در این قصه‌ها، قهرمان (دختر) در کشاکش پیوند یا گریز از ازدواج با موجودی با عنوان حیوان‌داماد حوادثی را از سر می‌گذراند. این پژوهش با روش تحلیل محتوا و رویکرد تحلیلی توصیفی قصه‌های حیوان‌داماد را از نظر ساختاری مقایسه می‌کند. در این مقایسه، فراوانی انواع حیوان داماد، الگوی ساختاری این گونه از قصه‌ها و تحلیل برخی داده‌های به دست آمده تبیین می‌شود. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، در مجموعِ 89 قصۀ حیوان‌داماد، دیو با 42 مورد بیشترین فراوانی را در میان انواع حیوان‌داماد دارد و این قصه‌ها از مجموع 18 گروه قصه‌های مشابه، از 7 الگوی یکسان پیروی می‌کنند.

The Animal Groom Tales in the Culture of Legends of the Iranian People

AbstractThe animal groom a theme of folk tales. In these stories, the protagonist (girl) goes through a series of events in the struggle to bond or escape from marriage with a creature called the animal groom. This study employs a method of content analysis and analyticaldescriptive approach. While comparing the stories of the groomchr('39')s animal in terms of structure, it explains the frequency of different types of animal grooms, the structural pattern of this type of stories and the analysis of some data. The findings of this study show that in a total of 89 stories of animal groom, the demon, with 40 cases, has the highest frequency among different types of animal grooms, and these stories follow the same pattern from a total of 18 groups of similar stories.IntroductionResearch backgroundDespite the attractiveness of the animalgroom theme, research on this subject is scarce. Bruno Bettelheim in The Enchantment of Legends and Marzelf in The Classification of Persian Tales devoted a chapter to animalgroom tales. Sadeghi (2016) in an article gives the representation of the animalgroom theme in a Sufi anecdote. Heidari et al. (2019), examining the joint work of several animalgroom tales from different nations, have also discussed the reasons for the emergence and transformation of these tales.Aims, questions, and assumptionsMarriage is one of the sacred rituals in the social life of people. In the meantime, the different treatment of animalgroom stories and animalshaped faces to the groom offer different concepts and images of the culture, beliefs and realities of society, which emphasize the capacity and research potentials of these stories in the sociological, psychological and other studies. Therefore, considering the social origin and also the need to establish a connection between literature and society and the application of valuable information contained in the literary texts, such research is necessary. On the other hand, the lack of a coherent and comprehensive source of Iranian animalgroom tales makes such studies more imperative.This study, considering the 19volume collection of the culture of legends of the Iranian people by Ali Ashraf Darvishian and Reza Khandan Mahabadi, seeks to answer these questions: In Iranian stories, how many stories are there with the theme of the animalgroom? In these stories, the creature of the animalgroom appears in the presence of what creatures and with what frequency? How many patterns do the animalgroom tales have according to components such as the initial situation, the way of courtship, the girlchr('39')s satisfaction, the familychr('39')s satisfaction, and the relationship with the groom?Results and discussionAnimalgroom tales are the tales in which the mate first appears in the form of an animal and then regains its human form after marriage. In Persian stories, in addition to the appearance of an animal, the animalgroom also appears in the forms of demons, giants, elves and fairies. An examination of 89 tales in a total of Iranian folk tales shows that in the tales of the animalgroom, the groom appears in the form of 17 nonhuman beings. From scary creatures such as demons, giants and elves to snakes, dragons, wolves, bears, leopards, crows, lions and camels, they all play a role in the common themes in terms of content. It seems that the creators of these stories, based on their perception of the ignorance of each of these creatures, use their hatred, disgust and fear of describing the animalgroom to draw the hidden half of the creature. According to their point of view, the creators separate the girl from the safe haven of the family.In the study of animalgroom tales in the collection of Iranian folklore culture, there are 18 groups of similar stories in terms of personality and narrative course, considering the components of girl satisfaction, family satisfaction, the girlchr('39')s fate after bonding with the groom animal and finally the final status of the story. By aggregating the data of 18 groups of animalgroom stories, the structure of these stories based on components such as initial status, girlchr('39')s satisfaction, family satisfaction and final status can be presented in 7 identical models. Based on these patterns, in group A, with a frequency of 9 cases in which both the girl and the family are satisfied with the marriage, life goes on happily. In the three groups of D, E and G, with the dissatisfaction of the girl and the family, life with the animalgroom is not formed. Group B is an exception, but in group F, where the girl agrees to marry the animalgrooms with the familychr('39')s dissatisfaction, not only life does not continue, but the girl and the animalgroom are punished arbitrarily for the marriage. Group C, with the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of both the girl and the family, shows a happy life with the animalgroom.ConclusionThe animalgroom as one of the common themes of folk tales shows the groom in an animal form with a different perspective. In the stories of the animalgrooms, a different narrative of marriage is formed in the midst of the actions and reactions of the girl and the animalgroom. Analyzing such stories, this research has found a total of 89 stories in the collection of legendary culture of the Iranian people, which have been collected and studied for the first time. According to the findings of this study, the demon with 40 repetitions is the most frequent animal in all species. Also, the aggregation of data from 18 groups of animalgroom stories shows that the structure of these stories based on the components such as initial status, the girlchr('39')s satisfaction, the family satisfaction, and the final status can be presented in 7 identical models. Based on these patterns, according to the consent or dissatisfaction of the girl and the family towards the marriage of the girl with the animalgroom, three forms of life could be categorized: The formation of an ideal life, the escape of the girl and her acquaintance with the prince, and her marriage or return to her home. Meanwhile, the girlchr('39')s secret marriage with the animalgroom without the consent of the family leads to the punishment and killing of the girl and the animalgroom.ReferencesBettelheim, B. (1989). The uses of enchantment: the meaning and importance of fairy tales. (translated into Farsi by Akhtar Shariatzadeh) (2002). Hermes.Darvishian, A. A., Khandan Mahabadi, R. (2009). The legendary culture of the Iranian people (in Farsi). Books and Culture.Heidari, A. Haddadian, S., Sahraei, Q. (2019). Investigation and analysis of animalgroom stories. Childrenchr('39')s Literature Studies, 1, 122.Marzolph, U. (2012). Typologie Des Persischen Volksmarchens (translated into Farsi by Kaykavoos jahandari). Sorush.Sadeghi, M. (2016). Representation of the myth of the animalgroom in a Sufi anecdote. Literary Criticism, 35, 165183.