منشا وزن رباعی در اشعار عامیانه و شفاهی ایران

امروزه غالب محققان بر این باورند که منشا وزن رباعی را باید در وزن اشعار پیش از اسلام، و یا وزن اشعار عامیانه و شفاهی و محلی ایران که در وزن‌های پیش از اسلام ریشه دارد،جست وجو کرد. در این میان تنها کسی که عملاً به تحلیل جزئیات و چگونگی شباهت وزنِ عروضی رباعی به وزنِ غیرعروضی اشعار شفاهی و عامیانه پرداخته ژیلبر لازار فرانسوی است. در این مقاله بحث می‌کنیم که اشعار تکیه‌ای و یا نیمه‌عروضیِ فراوانی در میان اشعار شفاهی و عامیانۀ ایرانی وجود دارند که ریتم یا ضرب‌آهنگشان کاملاً شبیه به ضرب‌آهنگ رباعی است، اما از حیث تقطیع عروضی ربط چندانی به وزن رباعی ندارند. نگارنده نیز همچون لازار معتقد است که وزن رباعی دارای نیای مشترکی با وزن اشعار تکیه‌ای و یا نیمه‌عروضیِ محلی است، اما برای اثبات این امر از شیوه‌ای متفاوت با شیوۀ ناصحیح لازار استفاده کرده است. در این مقاله بحث کرده‌ایم که اولاً هجاهای بی‌تکیه و باتکیه (اتانین) در اشعار تکیه‌ای به‌ترتیب به کمّیت‌های کوتاه و بلند (افاعیل) در اشعار عروضی مبدل شده‌اند، و ثانیاً میزان‌های آناکروز و هجاهای سکوت که پس از هجاهای باتکیه یا گاه در پایان مصراع قرار دارند، در اشعار عروضی ازمیان رفته‌اند. به این ترتیب، وزنِ زمانیِ تکیه‌ای ابتدا به وزنِ آمیختۀ نیمه‌عروضی و سپس به وزن تثبیت‌شدۀ زبانی و کمّی مبدل شده است.

The Origin of Rubayi Meters in Folk and Oral Poetries of Iran

It is generally believed that the origin of the Rubayi meter should be found in the meters of the preIslamic poetry, particularly the folk and oral poetries. Gilbert Lazard is the only person who has done a detailed analysis of the peculiarities and similarities of the Rubayi prosody with the nonprosodic features of the folk and oral poetries. This study argues that there are many stressed or semiprosodic poems in the folk and oral poetries of Iran, the rhythm of which is very similar to the rhythm of Rubayi, but they are not related to the meter of Rubayi so far as the prosody distinction is concerned. Lazard believes that the Rubayi meter has fundamentally the same meter of the stressed and semiprosodic local poems, but his method is rather flawed. This study, however, argues that the stressed and nonstressed syllables in the stressed poems turn into short and long quantities in prosodic poems. Moreover, the isochronism and the consonants which come after the stressed syllable or sometimes at the end of the verse, are omitted in the prosodic poems. Therefore, the isochronic meters in the stress position are firstly turned into the semiprosodic meters and then to the fixed linguistic and quantitative meters.IntroductionPoetic meters are of two types: isochronic and prosodic. The child and oral poetries in most of the languages of the world follow the isochronic meters. Linguistic meters employ prosodic features in their structure such as syllable, stress, intonation, and tone. Time does not affect their metric structure. The Persian prosodic poems, or the English stressed poems and all the learned ones, are all considered as linguistic poems around the world (Arooyi, 2009, pp. 135). Almost all the researchers who have done a study on Rubayi meters are in line with Shams Gheys (1981, pp. 111113) believing that the Iranian poets of the 3rd century AH have borrowed this meter from the oral and folk poetries of the preIslamic period. This study shows that there are many stressed poems from the oral and folk poetries that have a similar rhythm to that of the Rubayi, but their meters is not much related to the prosodic meter of Rubayi. Research backgroundMost of the researchers believe that the origin of Rubayi meters should be found in the preIslamic period, particularly in the oral and folk poetries of Iran. Gilbert Lazard is the only person who has done a detailed analysis of the peculiarities and similarities of the Rubayi prosody with the nonprosodic features of the folk and oral poetries (Lazard, 1969; for a critical review see Tabibzadeh, 2016). Lazard believes that the meters of Rubayi is fundamentally same with the meters of the stressed poems and the semiprosodic local poems, but his method is flawed.DiscussionRubayi has two major meters, each of which has many variations[1]. One meter is Mostafal Mostafal Mostafal Fa which is part of the Mostafala category (type A, see Najafi, 2017, pp.140144). The other meter is Mostafal Faelat Mostafal Fa which is part of the Mostafal Faelat category (type B, see Najafi, 2017, pp. 395397).In teaching the rhythm of the poetry to the readers, the poems were broken down to their Atanin components instead of distinguishing the verses through their Afayil components. This meant turning the linguistic and quantitative meters into the older isochronic and stressed meters. It should be noted that breaking down the verses into the Atanin components, t is the short nonstressed sound, and tan is the long stressed sound. Therefore, the two major meters of Rubayi are (Tabibizadeh, 2020):Type A: tn tn tttn tn tttn tn tttn Mostafal Mostafal Mostafal FaType B: tn tn tttn ttn ttn tn tttn Mostafal Faelat Mostafal FaThe linguistic meter of Rubayi or perhaps the meters of all longer and shorter verses could be included in Mostafal and Mostafal Faelat , which are all copied from the old folk and oral poetries of Iran. In this process, firstly the role of the stressed meter is omitted and the short nonstressed sounds and the long stressed sounds are turned into the short and long sounds respectively, which do not have the stressed meter any more. Moreover, all the rests are omitted as well. Tanha tu kooche naria (Do not go to the alley alone) tn tn tttn tttn Mostafalo Mostafal Aknoon ke chenin zaram // bar man nakoni rahmat (now that I am crying // do not have mercy on me) (Najafi, 2017, p. 400).If in those oral poems in which the rhythm is similar to the rhythm of Rubayi, the nonstressed sound (t in Atanin) is replaced with the short quantity, and instead of stressed sounds (tn in Atanin), the long quantity is used, the results are either of the two meters in Rubayi. This is actually one of the techniques the poets of the 3rd and 4th centuries AH employed to have a meter unlike that of the Arabic ones for the sake of having more pleasant poem for the Persian readers. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Rubayi meter is extracted from the oral and folk poetries of Iran.References Aroui, J., Arleo, A. (eds.) (2009). Towards a typology of poetic forms; from language to metrics and beyond. John Benjamins Publishing Company.Lazard, G. (1969). Ahuye kuhi...: le chamois d rsquo;Abu Hafs Soghdiane et les origins du robai, Dans: W. B. Henning Memorial Volume. London, pp. 238 244.Shams Gheys Razi (1981). on the wat to Arabic poetry (edited by Mohammad Taghi Modares Razavi). Zavar.Tabibzadeh, A. (2016). Meter of Ahooye Koohi attributed to Abolhafz Saghdi. Todaychr('39')s Iranshahr, 3, 7079.Tabibzadeh, A. (2020). An analysis of the poetic meter in folk Persian literature (2nd ed.). Bahar.[1]. This study follows the categorization suggested by Najafi (2018)