ویژگی‌های شتر در ادبیات عامۀ مردم استان سمنان

از گذشته‌های دور، یکی از پیشه‌های اصلی ساکنان مناطق بیابانی، شترداری بوده است. شرایط اقتصادی و اقلیمی و پیشینۀ فرهنگی، ایلات و کویرنشینان را شیفتۀ شتر کرده بود، نه فقطبه دلیل اینکه شتر شاهرگ اقتصادی آنان بوده است، بلکه بدین سبب که روابط عاطفی و دوستانۀ دیرینه‌ای با این حیوان برقرار کرده بودند. شتر در فرهنگ و ادبیات مردم استان سمنان بازتاب گسترده‌ای یافته است. هدف از این تحقیق، گردآوری و تحلیل ویژگی های شتر در دو بخش صفات صوری و عرضی در ادبیات عامۀ مردم استان سمنان به ویژه شترداران و ساربانان است. شیوۀ دستیابی به داده ها، گردآوری میدانی با ابزار جست وجوی شنیداری اعم از پرسش و پاسخ (مصاحبه) بوده و در تحلیل و استدراک داده ها از دانش های اهل فن بهره گرفته شده است. بازتاب شتر را می‌توان در ترانه‌ها، مثل‌ها، آواها، چیستان‌ها و باورها ملاحظه کرد. این ترانه‌ها، داستان‌ها، ضرب‌المثل‌ها و غیره در کل بیانگر اندیشه‌ها، آرزوها، بیم و امیدها، غم‌ها و خوشی‌های این مردم و گذشتۀ تاریخی آن و به عبارت دیگر بیانگر روان شناسی اجتماعی و نانوشتۀ آنان است.این مقاله حاصل پژوهشی است که با استناد به مطالعات میدانی و مصاحبه با ساربانان و شترداران و مطالعات کتابخانه فراهم آمده است. باورها، ضرب‌المثل‌ها، چیستان‌ها، ترانه‌ها، حکایت‌ها و افسانه‌های مردم استان سمنان به ویژه شترداران و ساربانان در این پژوهش بیان شده است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آن است که شتر به ویژه در بین شترداران حوزۀ کویری استان سمنان، نقش مهمی در ادبیات عامه (ترانه ها، ضرب المثل ها، افسانه ها، آواها و باورها و ...) دارد. این مقاله نخستین بررسی تحلیلی در این زمینه است.

The Characteristics of Camel in the Folk Literature of Semnan Province

Camel breeding has been one of the main occupation of desert dwellers since the ancient times. The climatic, economic, and cultural conditions have fascinated tribes and desert dwellers with camel breeding. Camel is an important source of their economy; therefore, they have a longstanding emotional relationship with the animal. Camels are widely reflected in the culture and literature of the people in Semnan. The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the characteristics of camels in two dimensions of formal and transverse attributes in Semnan folk literature, particularly among camel owners. The data were collected through field study and interview. Moreover, the expert rsquo;s knowledge has been used in the data analysis. The results show that camels play an important role in the folk literature such as songs, proverbs, myths, sounds and beliefs, in the desert territory of Semnan province, the review of which is presented in the study. IntroductionUnderstanding the cultural significance of camel breeding requires an investigation of the traditional animal husbandry, not only because of the tremendous variety of camel names, but also because of the plethora of songs, proverbs, stories, beliefs, Sarbani rsquo;s knowledge and techniques, indigenous veterinary knowledge, botany, and the behavior of the camels (Farhadi, 1998, p. 206). Besides the economic value, camel breeding shows a deep emotional love and affection between human and animals. This is why a person is convinced and interested to choose such a difficult job.The special and exceptional capability of camels throughout history has made human beings think that they can employ the various capabilities of this animal, including meat, milk, wool, and bearing. On this basis, and especially in desert areas where the talent and capacity of camel breeding is higher, the camel breeding profession has a long history. According to some field studies, in the past, camel breeding was very prosperous and common in more than 130 villages of the Semnan province, but now it has decreased to 35 villages. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of camels in the folk literature of the people in Semnan province.MethodologyThe data collection was conducted through field study and interview. The expert rsquo;s knowledge has also been used through the interpretive method in the process of data analysis.ResultsThe traits and characteristics of camels in the folk literature are reflected in five sections as follows.Formal attributes The formal characteristics of this animal such as ears, eyes, neck, hump, tail, skin, masculinity, head, lips, knees and its height have been reflected in the oral literature.The height of the hump indicates the fatness of the animal. This is why camel hump shrinks in dry seasons. In the following riddle, camel herders ask the animal hump:The camel died of thinness, because it had a lot of tallow (hump), near dawn, neither on the ground nor in the air.Answer: A thin camel with a load of hump (a saddle of tallow on its back) was moving over the bridge in Sham (Syria).One of the beautiful songs of the Chudari tribe is the description of camelchr('39')s body parts. In this song, the eyes, ears, head, hump, lips, feet, tail, nose, forehead, neck, horseshoe, knees, tongue, chest, abdomen, and eyebrows of the animal are interestingly focused in the song. This song is composed through poetry.Different species of camelsDifferent species of camels such as Louk (male camel), Arvaneh (female camel) and Hashi (baby camel) also are significant in the folk literature. Of the various species of camels, Louk has a special place in the oral literature and has the highest frequency in proverbs, songs, etc. Louk must be proud of himself, says a Torud proverb.It means that Louk must roar himself. It is said to people who must be selfsufficient.Camel equipmentCamel equipment such as harness, bridle, and golafsar are reflected in the oral literature. In the nomadic culture, the child is the ornament of the parents. This is also the case in the proverbs.Like this proverb in the Elikaei tribe: Eshter Bijahaz Bumenin. , which is translated as follows: You came with a camel without equipment.This is called a parable if a parent goes to a party or to see an adult without children.Transverse characteristics of the camelsThere are many anecdotes, legends, proverbs and songs about the transcendental traits of camels such as being emotional, resentful, intelligent, zealous, etc., which is also indicated as Oshtor Khajow , the coldness of the old woman, the helpless young man, and the story of the camel the owner of which had entrusted to his neighbor. Products and uses of the camelsLike meat, milk, and wool, bearing and riding are also reflected in the oral literature of the people.An example is the following song about loading camels:Unload camels, Unload camels at every alley of pomegranateAt the end of each alley, make a sweet pomegranate for sick syrup.ConclusionOral literature, as an important part of the literary production of any nation, deserves to be preserved and scientifically studied. Collecting, documenting, and presenting local literature, especially in the modern world, are so essential tasks, because the indigenous folk phenomena of Iran constitute the ancient structures of the culture of the Iranian tribes. On the other hand, the national culture is in great need of these isolated parts, and basically, the validity, value, and the depth of the national culture are realized within these subcultures. None of the efforts made to narrate the true history and culture of any nation will be complete without considering the phenomena and creations of folklore.Some unique rituals, such as mourning for the death of a camel, are very important and worthy of anthropological study. There is a great deal of oral literature on the rich themes of camels that requires further study as well.References Amanollahi Baharvand, E. (1988). Nomadism in Iran: research on nomads and tribes (in Farsi). Tehran: Agah. Ameri, J. Tabatabaei, S. H. (2017). A study of the local sounds and melodies of Toroud and Satveh (in Farsi). Semnan: Hablerood.Azami Sangsari, Cheraghali (1968). Sangsar national celebrations. Historical Studies, 17, 5537. Farhadi, M. (1998). Recycled museums (in Farsi). Kerman: Kerman Studies Center. Farhadi, M. (2003). Cultivation and culture, traditional methods of welfare and health and land rehabilitation in Iran (in Farsi). Tehran: Ministry of AgricultureJahad, Deputy for Planning and Economy, Research Institute for Planning and Agricultural Economics. Goli Zavareh, Gh. (1990). Camel, the old friend of the desert nomads. Reserves of the Revolution, 13, 6780. Honary, M. (1975). Camel breeding in the desert: Anthropology and public culture of Iran 2 (in Farsi). Tehran: Anthropology Center of Iran Publications. Shah Hosseini, A. (2017). The Choodaries, a desert dweller tribe (in Farsi). Semnan: Hablerood.