prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and community in duhok, kurdistan region of iraq

Background: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a serious concern of the global health sector and more recently, an escalating problem in the community. objectives: this study was performed to investigate the incidence of mrsa in hospital staff and community students in duhok, kurdistan, iraq, and make a molecular comparison between the strains based on the detection of meca gene and panton-valentine leukocidin (pvl) gene. methods: we obtained 109 and 103 samples from the nares of hospital staff and community students, respectively. conventional laboratory tests were performed for the detection of staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and antibiotic sensitivity testing to identify mrsa isolates. besides, pcr was utilized for molecular analysis. results: all isolates from hospital staff were identified as s. aureus. out of the 109 isolates, 55 (50.4%) were mrsa carrying the meca gene, among which 4/55 (3.7%) were mrsa-pvl positive. additionally, 54/109 (49.5%) isolates were methicillin-sensitive s. aureus (mssa) but four isolates (3.7%) were mssa-pvl positive. furthermore, 23/103 (22.3%) samples from community students were identified as s. aureus, among which 5/23 (21.7%) and 17/23 (73.9%) isolates were mssa-pvl positive and mssa-pvl negative, respectively. moreover, 1/23 (4.3%) was found as mrsa and was pvl gene-positive. conclusions: the results showed that mrsa is swarming in hospitals and community in duhok, iraq. the highest rate of pvl was associated with community-acquired-mssa (ca- mrsa). with further genotypic study, immediate action is needed to control and reduce the spread of mrsa clones, determine their clonal relations, and conduct epidemiological investigations.