an update on the etiopathogenesis and management of morbihan disease: a narrative review

Morbihan disease (md) is a rare and infrequent condition primarily affecting adults of both sexes in their third and fourth decades of life. patients with md typically present with asymptomatic, recurrent bilateral symmetrical pitting edema, which has an insidious onset and a progressive course. this edema affects the upper two-thirds of the face, including the forehead, glabella, periorbital area, cheeks, and nose, with or without erythema. over time, it evolves into persistent solid, non-pitting, asymptomatic edema that is neither painful nor pruritic. morbihan disease may cause facial contour deformity and sometimes narrowing of the visual field. the etiopathogenesis of md remains unknown, and currently, there is no specific treatment for the condition. this review article provides an update on md, aiming to increase awareness and knowledge about its etiopathogenesis and management.