green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their multifaceted applications: a review study

Background: nanotechnology, specially, metallic nanoparticles (nps) has successively revolutionized many aspects of biomedical and industrial practices due to their distinct physiochemical and functional characteristics. nonetheless, traditional methods of synthesis typically create toxic wastes and threaten the environmental safety. green synthesis has since been developed as a sustainable solution, utilizing biological entities, including plants, bacteria, and fungi, in an environmentally-friendly way to produce nps. objectives: this work critically examine green synthesis methodologies to determine the biological processes, and evaluate their effects on the quality of nps, their bioactivity, and use in medical and industrial practice. methods: google scholar and pubmed were used for the literature review till april 30, 2025. the used keywords were metallic nanoparticles, metal ions, green synthesis, bacteria, fungi, and plant. the development of the manuscript was based on full-length research and review articles, which describe the rationale, technologies, methods and basic principles of green chemistry. results: the analysis of green methods of synthesizing nps showed that it is possible to produce metal nps (e.g. ag, au, cu, fe, pd, se) of controlled size and shape consistently. the biogenic sources were found to be reliably able to generate sufficiently pure and monodisperse particles and protocols. these nps have potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer efficacies. also, the improved techniques of biodistribution evaluation suggest that they could be used in the medical field. conclusion: the review confirmed various strategies researchers have performed to manufacture metallic nps using green synthesis method.