نقش روابط والد-فرزندی بر رفتار نوع‌دوستانه با میانجی‌گری تعلق اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی، قدردانی و حساسیت بین‌فردی در نوجوانان پسر

پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین نقش روابط والد-فرزندی بر رفتار نوع‌دوستانه با میانجی‌گری حساسیت بین‌فردی، تعلق اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی و قدردانی در نوجوانان پسر طراحی ‌شد. روش پژوهش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش شامل کلیۀ نوجوانان پسر 15 تا 21سالۀ شهر اصفهان در سال 1400 بود که از بین آنها 300 نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در‌ دسترس انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه‌های رفتار نوع‌دوستانه، روابط والد (پدر-مادر)-فرزند، پرسشنامۀ حساسیت بین‌فردی، پرسشنامۀ اعتماد اجتماعی، پرسشنامۀ احساس تعلق اجتماعی و پرسشنامۀ قدردانی-فرم 6سوالی جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج تحلیل مدل به‌ طورکلی حاکی از آن است که مدل دارای برازش است و همچنین، از بین متغیر‎‌های موجود در پژوهش، رابطۀ پدر-فرزند به ‌طور غیرمستقیم از طریق متغیر میانجی قدردانی و رابطۀ مادر-فرزند هم به طور غیرمستقیم از طریق متغیرهای میانجی قدردانی، تعلق اجتماعی و اعتماد اجتماعی با متغیر رفتار نوع‌دوستانه رابطه دارد. به ‌این ‌ترتیب، تعاملات پدر و مادر با فرزند به واسطۀ قدردانی (برای پدر) و تعلق اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی و قدردانی (برای مادر) می‌تواند در افزایش رفتار نوع‌دوستانه موثر باشد. بر این اساس، می‌توان گفت روابط والدین و فرزند یکی از متغیرهای موثر در رشد و تکامل کودکان و نوجوانان به عنوان بستری برای شکل‌گیری صفات و عوامل موثر در پیدایش رفتار نوع‌دوستانه کودکان است.

the role of parent-child relationships on altruistic behavior in adolescent boys: the mediation of social belonging, social trust, gratitude, and interpersonal sensitivity

the current study was designed to determine the appropriateness of the altruistic behavior model based on parent-child relationships, interpersonal sensitivity, social belonging, social trust, and gratitude among male adolescents. the statistical population of the research included all adolescent boys aged 15 to 21 years in isfahan, iran in 2021, of which 300 people were selected by the available sampling method. data in the context of virtual space and through the link of virtual questionnaires of altruistic behavior, parent relations (father-mother)-child, interpersonal sensitivity questionnaire, social trust questionnaire, social belongingness questionnaire and gratitude questionnaire. six questions form were collected. the results of the analysis of the model indicated that the model had a good fit and also among the variables in the research, the father-child relationship indirectly through the mediator variable of gratitude and the mother-child relationship indirectly through the mediator variables. appreciation, social belonging, and social trust were related to altruistic behavior variable. in this way, improving parent-child interactions in the area of gratitude (for the father) and social belonging, social trust, and gratitude (for the mother) can be effective in increasing altruistic behavior. based on this, it can be said that parent-child relationships are one of the effective variables in the growth and development of children and adolescents, as a platform for the formation of traits and effective factors in the emergence of children’s altruistic behavior.introductionrecent societal developments and crises have led to a decline in social interactions and shifts in people’s priorities, impacting value systems and intergenerational relationships. one major consequence is the noticeable decline in altruism, especially among younger generations. altruistic behavior—characterized by empathy, cooperation, and support for others—can be shaped by the quality of parent-child relationships, which lay the foundation for emotional and social development. children with secure parental bonds tend to exhibit healthier social behaviors, while those with poor connections may struggle with trust and social adjustment. additionally, interpersonal sensitivity, social belonging, social trust, and gratitude play key roles in shaping altruistic behavior. sensitivity to social feedback, feelings of connection to others, trust in social relationships, and gratitude all contribute to the likelihood of engaging in altruistic acts. this body of research examines how these interrelated factors predict altruistic behavior in individuals. methodthis study was descriptive-correlational in which the role of parent-child relationships in predicting altruistic behaviors with the mediation of social belonging, social trust, appreciation and interpersonal sensitivity was examined in the form of a conceptual model. the statistical population of the research included all male teenagers aged 15 to 21 in isfahan and barkhar cities in iran in 2021. according to the purpose of the research, which is to evaluate the fit of the proposed model, at least 260 people (homan, 2019) were considered among 15-21-year-old male teenagers in the cities of isfahan and barkhor, iran, but due to the possibility of attrition, the questionnaires were included among 300 teenagers. the boy was distributed. first, 300 boys between the ages of 15 and 21 from the cities of isfahan and barkhar were selected based on the available sampling method (through the first and second secondary boys’ schools) and a questionnaire was provided to them. then, the questionnaires were scored and spss version 23 and amos version 23 software were used to determine the relationship between the variables affecting altruistic behaviors and to analyze the research data as well as to check the overall fit of the proposed model. resultsin this study, 270 individuals were evaluated to test the hypotheses and the proposed model. the average age of participants was 16.71 years with a standard deviation of 1.51. additionally, since the skewness and kurtosis indices fall within the ±2 range, the distributions of scores for all research variables are considered normal. model fit indices such as χ²/df, gfi (.984), ifi (.985), rmsea (.073), and nfi (.974) indicate that the revised model—after removing non-significant paths (e.g., parent-child relationship to altruistic behavior, father-child to social interest, etc.)—has good fit. direct effects hypotheses were then tested. the results showed that the mother–child relationship had significant direct effects on gratitude (β = .281, p < .001), social belonging (β = .381, p < .001), and social trust (β = .250, p = .008). the father–child relationship had a direct effect only on: gratitude (β = .189, p = .001), but not directly on altruistic behavior. altruistic behavior was significantly predicted by: gratitude (β = .242, p < .001), social belonging (β = .310, p < .001), social trust (β = .135, p = .014), interpersonal sensitivity (β = .170, p < .001).indirect effects: the father–child relationship influenced altruistic behavior only through gratitude (p = .004). the mother–child relationship had significant indirect effects on altruism through gratitude (p = .002), social belonging (p = .001), and social trust (p = .043).model fit indices (e.g., cfi = 0.984, rmsea = 0.073) confirmed that the revised model had a good fit. overall, the findings highlight that strong maternal bonds and emotional-social factors, such as gratitude, belonging, and trust, significantly contribute to the development of altruistic behavior in adolescents. conclusionaccording to the results of the present research, parent-child relationships, interpersonal sensitivity, social belonging, social trust and gratitude have an effect on the altruistic behavior of teenagers and have been confirmed. this finding is in agreement with the research results of wu et al. (2016) and with part of the research findings of sayidi et al. wray-lake flanagan (2012) is congruent. based on the findings of the research, the father-child relationship through gratitude is related to altruistic behavior and the mother-child relationship through gratitude, social trust, and social belonging is associated with the occurrence of altruistic behavior. it seems that the strong position of the indirect mother-child relationship (against father-child interaction) in the tendency to altruistic actions can be rooted in the early stages of a child’s life, which is associated with a deep emotional bond and the relationship between a child and a mother (attachment). the mental association of the researched community about the mother’s role is linked with some concepts and characteristics such as love, affection and security. as a result, the interaction and relationship between parents and mothers can effectively form the basis for the formation of social belonging and social trust in children. according to erikson’s psychosocial development theory, in the first stage, if the mother and the main caregiver adequately respond to the child’s physical and psychological needs (love, security and affection), it will foster a sense of trust in him and cause the child’s attitude about himself and the world around him. be formed positively (afgri ghasemi, 2015). according to fero et al. (2019), children in families whose members have appreciative behaviors have a perception of gratitude and therefore show more empathy, forgiveness, and helpful actions in social situations. in the current model, the mediating role of interpersonal sensitivity in the relationship between parent-child interactions and altruistic behavior were not confirmed, and it seems that the inconsistency of the interpersonal sensitivity component with the social attitude of the researched society is the reason for removing the mediating role of this variable in the current model. finally, according to the results of the study, the mother played a role in the formation of the altruistic behavior of the researched society through more mediating factors, which can indicate the greater importance of the mother’s role in the formation of altruistic behavior.ethical consideration compliance with ethical guidelines: all ethical issues such as informed consent and confidentiality of participants’ identity were respected.authors’ contributions: all authors contributed to the study. the first author contributed to the conception and design of the study, as well as the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, drafting the article, and writing the entire manuscript. the second author contributed to developing the study design and to final approval of the version to be submitted. both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest for this study.funding: this study was conducted with no financial support and is part of the m.a. thesis of the first author.acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank all participants in the study.