preparation and characterizations of cuo doped zno nanostructure for the photocatalytic degradation of 4chlorophenol under visible light

In the present investigation, a zno nanostructure was synthesized by means of precipitation and sonochemical methods. the xray diffraction (xrd) pattern indicated that the wurtzite structure of zno had a hexagonal symmetry and there was no impurity. the average zno particles crystallite size was calculated at about 41 nm. the sem and tem images revealed nanostructure zno particles with a cauliflowerlike and rod morphology with dimensions of 85, 79 and 117 nm. in order to investigate the increment of zno photoactivity under visible light, the cuo doped zno nanostructures were fabricated by a wet impregnation method using copper oxide as the copper source and zno as the precursor. the xrd analysis confirmed that the cuo phase was present in the asprepared sample and the average size of nano crystalline decreased to about 36 nm. the drs spectra indicated the extended absorption of cuozno to the visible range as a result of band gap reduction to 2.9 ev (in comparison of 3.2 ev in zno). in order to investigate the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized photocatalyst, the degradation of 4chlorophenol under visible light was performed. sixteen experiments using full factorial were executed by adjusting four parameters (amount of catalyst, initial concentration of 4chlorophenol, ph, and time of irradiation). an empirical expression was proposed and successfully used to model the photocatalytic process with a high correlation, and an optimal experimental region was also obtained. according to the developed model for degradation and the subsequent anova test using design expert software, the time of irradiation with a 46.57% effect played the most important role in the photocatalytic activity, while the influences of parameters on each other were negligible. optimal experimental conditions for 4chlorophenol concentration (0.01 g/l) were found at an initial ph =8 and a catalyst loading of 0.07 g/l. the results indicated that cuozno can remove 95% of 4chlorophenol from water under optimal conditions.