nanobioremediation: harnessing chemically modified and biogenic nanoparticles for environmental cleanup

Due to widespread industrialization, urbanization, and modern agricultural techniques, an enormous number of pollutants are released into the environment. the contaminants can pollute air and water, threatening the ecosystem. it is challenging to get rid of these harmful pollutants from the environment. recently, bioremediation aided by nanotechnology is the most promising method for cleaning up harmful pollutants due to its economical and promising advantages. nanoparticles and their composites have a high surface-to-volume ratio and have a quick capacity to interact with diverse particles, making them a desirable tool in a variety of applications. chemically synthesized nanoparticles with enhanced properties, e.g., reactivity, catalysis, and adsorption, have been the subject of significant interest. nanomaterials made of gold, aluminium, zinc, titanium, and cerium have been acknowledged for their effectiveness and safety in the environment. microbe-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained attention as it exhibits exceptional properties to make sustainable nanocomposites. bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, actinomycetes, and their extracts have been utilized as catalysts to create non-toxic, pure, and environmentally safe nanoparticles for the reduction of metals. nanoparticles that are mediated by both chemicals and microbes can effectively target pollutants for bioremediation with an emphasis on environmental clean-up. in this review, the significance, advantages, and applications of biogenic synthesized nanoparticles, as well as modified and optimized nanoparticles mediated by chemicals and metals, were thoroughly examined for the removal of heavy pollutants. the importance and sustainability of this new nanobioremediation approach was also discussed.