the effect of a new hybrid severe plastic deformation method on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cp-ti

In the present study, a novel combined process of severe plastic deformation (spd) process was introduced, and its effects on the flow behavior, workability, and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium were investigated through a single-pass billet deformation. the process consists of three sequential stages: primary cyclic extrusion compression (cec), equal channel angular pressing (ecap), and final extrusion. the results showed that the average hardness of the annealed, as-received specimens was 14 hrc on the section perpendicular to the movement axis. this value increased to 21 hrc, 26 hrc, and 29.5 hrc in samples processed by ecap, cecap, and the new cecap process, respectively. these results demonstrate the superior effectiveness of the new cecap process in enhancing hardness. moreover, the findings revealed that the new cecap process improves the strain distribution compared to cecap and ecap, with maximum strain increasing by up to 15% and 23%, respectively.