شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی عوامل موثر بر مشارکت نکردن جوامع روستایی در طرح‌های آبخیزداری (مطالعۀ موردی: آبخیز بزیجان- استان مرکزی)

مدیریت جامع آبخیزها مستلزم مشارکت دست‌اندکاران، به‌ویژه آبخیزنشینان است و آگاهی از علل مشارکت نکردن مردمی در برنامه‌های آبخیزداری، نقطۀ عطف تحقق اهداف مدیریت آبخیزهاست. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی، طبقه‌بندی و اولویت‌بندی این عوامل از منظر کارشناسان و آبخیزنشینان آبخیز بزیجان شهرستان محلات انجام شد. بدین ‌منظور ابتدا این عوامل بر اساس مرور منابع، پرسش از کارشناسان و نیز مصاحبۀ حضوری با ساکنان منطقه مشخص و طبقه‌بندی شد. سپس پرسش‌نامه‌های دوبه‌دو زوجی و لیکرت به‌عنوان ابزار اندازه‌گیری تهیه و روایی پرسش‌نامه‌ها مبتنی بر نظرات کارشناسان تایید شد. در نهایت پس از تعیین حجم نمونه توسط فرمول کوکران و تکمیل 101 پرسش‌نامه‌، با کاربرد فرایند تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی فازی و نیز آزمون فریدمن، شاخص‌ها و زیرشاخص‌های موثر بر مشارکت نکردن پایدار مردمی در طرح‌های آبخیزداری آبخیز بزیجان اولویت‌بندی شد. بر مبنای نتایج، از منظر کارشناسان و آبخیزنشینان عامل آموزشی و ترویجی مهم‌ترین شاخص در مشارکت نکردن مردم است. کارشناسان معتقدند زیرشاخص‌های «تمرکز قدرت تصمیم‌گیری طراحی و اجرا در ادارۀ ‌کل» و «بالا بودن سن ساکنان» بیشترین نقش را در مشارکت نکردن داشت، درحالی‌که آبخیزنشینان نقش سن ساکنان را بی‌تاثیر دانسته و از نظر ایشان زیرشاخص‌های «نارضایتی از نتایج پروژه‌ها توسط ساکنان آبخیز» و «نادیده گرفتن منافع ساکنان آبخیز به‌عنوان انگیزۀ اقتصادی مستقیم » بیشترین نقش را داشته‌اند. هر دو گروه، اعتقادی به وجود و نقش اختلافات قومی و محلی نداشتند ولی آنچه در بررسی کلی می‌توان به آن اشاره کرد، عدم آشنایی و توجه به اهداف و نیازهای دو گروه بود.

Identifying and prioritizing effective factors in preventing participation of rural societies in watershed management projects: A Case study of Bozijan Watershed, Markazi province, Iran

Introduction: The complex and dynamic nature of watershed problems requires flexible and transparent decisionmaking that embraces a diversity of sciences and values. However, while the significance and effective role of stakeholder participation in natural decisionmaking and its benefits have been emphasized and discussed by different scholars and it has been considered in national and international planning, it has not been put into practice in desirably, leading to the discontent of some watershed stakeholders and operators. As watershed projects play an increasingly important role in managing soil and water resources throughout the world, knowing the factors involved in encouraging residents of watershed areas to participate in watershed activities is considered a significant principle in realizing the effective participation of stakeholders in integrated watershed management and achieving the intended goals in this regard. Therefore, the identification of such factors can help relevant authorities benefit from the effective participation of the stakeholders in conservation activities. This study sough to identify, classify, and prioritize the factors involved in discouraging people from participating in watershed projects, using the viewpoints of the experts and residents of Bozijan watershed in Markazi Province. Materials and methods: Different factors which may be involved in discouraging people from sustained participation in watershed plans were classified in terms of economic, social, human (educational and propagational), and planning indices. To this end, these factors were identified and categorized based on the review of related literature, and inperson interviews with experts and residents of the watershed area. Then, pairwise and Likert questionnaires were prepared as a measuring tool whose validity were confirmed by expert opinions. Finally, after determining the sample size via Cochran formula, 101 questionnaires were administered and the indicators and subindicators involved in discouraging people from sustained participation in watershed plans were prioritized, using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Friedman Test. Results: After identifying various factors involved in nonparticipation in watershed projects, they were classified in terms of are educationalpropagational, social, designexecutive, and economic indices and subindices for the Bozijan watershed.In this study, eight questionnaires which had been completed by experts and one hundred and one questionnaires which had been completed by residents of the watershed area were analyzed via T test, Analytical Hierarchy Process, and Friedman nonparametric test. The results showed that while from the experts rsquo; viewpoints, the educationalpropagational, designexecutive, economic, and social indices were, respectively, the most influential factors involved in order of propriety in the nonparticipation of the Bozijan watershed rsquo;s residents in watershed management projects, it was educationalpropagational, economic, designexecutive, and social indicators that contributed the most to such nonparticipation from the resident rsquo;s perspective.Moreover, experts argued that ldquo;Concentration of decisionmaking power regarding planning and implementation in the Directorate General rdquo;, ldquo;The elderliness of the residents rdquo;, and ldquo;Offering no training for the watershed area rsquo;s residents by executive officials were the most effective subindices in discouraging people from sustained participation of rural communities in watershed projects, and The residents rsquo; ethnic and local disagreements rdquo; was the least effective subindex in this regard. The range of average ratings varied from 3.79 to 11.6 in this group. In addition, based on the viewpoints of watershed area rsquo; residents, subindices such as The residents rsquo; discontent concerning the projects rsquo; outcomes rdquo;, ldquo;Disregarding the residents rsquo; benefits as direct economic incentives, and ldquo;Lack of sense of belonging in areas of project implementation by the residents rdquo; were the most important factors in their nonparticipation in watershed activities in order of propriety. The range of average ratings varied from 3.096 to 10.86 in this group. Discussion and Conclusion: As mentioned before, from the viewpoints of experts and the watershed area rsquo;s residents, the educationalpropagational index was the most important factor involved in nonparticipation of people in watershed projects, followed by the designexecutive and economic factors. In other words, both experts and the residents believe that prior to any planning and executive activity, people should well be informed and trained; a fact also confirmed by Rahimzadeh and Charrmchian (2019), and Mahmoudi and et al (2018).The order of subcategories mentioned by the watershed area rsquo;s residents indicated that any decision made concerning the watershedrelated issues could somehow affect their lives. Therefore, they expect to be involved in decisionmaking structure, and economic approaches are of second importance for them. The experts have also affirmed the nonpresence of people in decisionmaking and planning of executive tasks. In other words, both people and experts argue that mutual communication and participation are necessary for deciding over watershed issues.