مقایسۀ روش‌های تجربی برآورد تبخیر و تعرق براساس داده‌های لایسی‌متری (مطالعۀ موردی: دشت کاشان)

برآورد تبخیر و تعرق در سطح منطقه‌ای، یکی از مولفه‌های مهم برای مدیریت بهینۀ منابع آب است. روش‌های تجربی زیادی برای برآورد تبخیر و تعرق گیاه مرجع وجود دارد، ولی این روش‌ها نتایج یکسانی برای همۀ مناطق نشان نمی‌دهند. مطالعات لایسی‌متری به‌‌منظور تعیین مناسب‌ترین روش در هر منطقه به کار می‌رود. لذا در این تحقیق برای تعیین مناسب‌ترین روش برآورد تبخیر و تعرق در منطقۀ مورد مطالعه، آزمایشی به‌مدت 6 ماه در سال آماری 13911392 با استفاده از 4 دستگاه لایسی‌متر زهکش‌دار در دانشگاه کاشان اجرا شد. همچنین انواع روش‌های تجربی برآورد تبخیر و تعرق و تشتک تبخیر بر اساس داده‌های لایسی‌متری مورد مقایسه قرار گرفتند. در نهایت، نتایج برآورد مجموع تبخیر و تعرق ماهانه با استفاده از لایسی‌متر در منطقۀ طرح در ماه‌های دی، بهمن، اسفند، فروردین، اردیبهشت و خرداد به‌ترتیب برابر 24.49، 38.39، 51.52، 73.87، 119.77 و 180 میلی‌متر به دست آمد. همچنین از میان روش‌های مورد بررسی، روش تورنت‌وایت به‌ترتیب با 2r، r، nsc، rmse و mbe برابر 0.95، 0.97، 0.986، 4.29 و 1.15 از دقت بیشتری برخوردار بود که به‌عنوان مناسب‌ترین روش برآورد تبخیر و تعرق در منطقۀ مورد مطالعه معرفی می‌شود. پس از آن، روش‌های جنسن هیز اصلاح‌شده، بلانی‌کریدل، جنسن‌ هیز، هارگریوز سامانی، تشتک تبخیر و فائو پنمن مانتیث در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار می‌گیرند. در نهایت روش پنمن با 2r برابر 0.58 کمترین دقت را داشت.

Comparing Empirical Methods in Evapotranspiration Estimation based on Lysimeter Data: A Case Study of Kashan plain

Introduction: Estimation of evapotranspiration at a regional level is an important element in efficient management of water resources. Evapotranspiration includes the evaporation from the surface of soil and water and also, the transpiration by the plant that is very important in arid and semiarid areas. There are many empirical methods for evapotranspiration estimation of reference plants, but these methods donchr('39')t produce the same results for all areas. Lysimeter studies are carried out to determine the most suitable method in each area. Material and Methods: The study area in this research is located in Kashan University, based in the center of Kashan plain with geographical coordinates of ° 45 prime;21 ° 51 east longitude and Prime; 18 prime;00 ° 34 northern latitudes. Then, to measure the evapotranspiration of the reference grass plant, three drained lysimeters of the grass plant and one control lysimeter were made and used in the research site for 6 months within the statistical year of 20122013. Moreover, empirical methods of evapotranspiration estimation and evaporation pan were compared based on lysimeter data. Results: Using lysimeter in the project area, the estimation results for monthly evapotranspiration were reported as being 24.49, 38.39, 51.52, 73.87, 119.77, and 180 mm in January, February, March, April, May, and June, respectively. Moreover, from among the methods investigated, Thornthwaite turned out to be the most accurate ones with R2 = 0.95, R=0.97, NSC= 0.986, RMSE=4.29, and MBE= 1.15, being considered as the most suitable method for evapotranspiration estimation in the study area. After that, modified Jensen Hayes, Blaney -Criddle, JensenHayes, HargreavesSamani, evaporation pan, and FA0PenmanMonteith were considered as other useful methods in that regard though with lower accuracy. Finally, the Penman method with R2 = 0.58 was found to have the least accuracy from among the relevant methods considered. Discussion and Conclusion: Kashan is one of Iran rsquo;s arid regions which faced a severe shortage of water resources. Therefore, careful planning and efficient management of water resources is required to avoid any serious problem in providing water for different purposes. The evapotranspiration parameter is considered as an important criterion in determining the extent of drought in different areas. Experimental methods for estimating evapotranspiration including the Penman and FAOPenmanMonteith require many meteorological parameters. Penman method has been introduced for humid climates of England and is not suitable for the arid and semiarid conditions of Kashan. As it considers a large number of climatic parameters in its calculation of evapotranspiration, this method has acceptable accuracy, but as all the required information is not calculated, it cannot provide a good estimate. In this study, the appropriate evapotranspiration method for the Kashan region was obtained, using the data gathered over six months in the statistical year of 20122013. Therefore, to ensure the accuracy of the results obtained, it is recommended that this research continues for at least the next two or three years. On the other hand, due to a possible error in the drainage lysimeter when calculating the actual evapotranspiration, it is recommended that the research get conducted in the region via accurate weight lysimeters so that it could identify the most appropriate method of estimating evapotranspiration in Kashan more accurately.