انباشت سرمایه و تشدید مخاطرات محیطی شهر- منطقه تهران

شهر منطقه تهران در معرض مخاطرات محیطی مختلفی است. نقش فرآیند انباشت سرمایه در شرایط خاص اجتماعی ، اقتصادی در شکل پذیری فضاهایی قابل بررسی است که می تواند به زمینه بروز و تشدید مخاطرات محیطی را فراهم آورد. هدف اصلی مقاله درک روندهای قانون انباشت سرمایه و اثرش بر آن بخش از مدیریت فضای شهر منطقه تهران است که زمینه بروز و تشدید مخاطرات محیطی را فراهم آوده است. ناحیه مورد مطالعه تحقیق را شهرناحیه تهران به عنوان یک ساختار تحلیلی تشکیل می دهد. در جستجوی جمع آوری داده های مورد نیاز تحقیق، پنج فضای مختلف شهری تهران انتخاب شده است. در جمع آوری و تجزیه و تحلیل داده های پژوهش از روش کیو استفاده شده است. مناسب بودن داده ها برای انجام تحلیل عاملی توسط شاخص kmo مشخص شده است. نتیجه نشان داده که چهار عامل مرتبط به هم شامل کارکرد سودا گری مستغلات ، کالایی سازی زمین و مسکن ، مدیریت و نظارت بر فضای شهر منطقه و نظارت و کنترل منابع طبیعی سبب شده که اقتصاد مولد تضعیف و ساخت و ساز شهری و پیراشهری را به حرفه ای سود آور و جذاب تبدیل شود در نتیجه سازندگان ساختمان در جستجوی سود با استفاده از کالایی شدن زمین و مسکن و نفوذ پذیری قوانین نظارتی، به روش های شبه قانونی هر نوع کاربری اعم از پارک، فضای سبز، منابع طبیعی، مسیل و کوه را به فضای ساخت و ساز تبدیل کرده و فضا برای بروز و تشدید مخاطرات محیطی آماده شده است.

Capital Accumulation and Environmental Disaster Intensification in Tehran City-Region

The Cityregion of Tehran is encountered with various environmental problems, including traffic, air pollution, lack of drinking water and green space, physical texture conflict, flood and earthquake. Capital accumulation has considerable role in shaping spaces which can create and intensify environmental disaster in special socioeconomic situation. The second cycle is the conversion of capital to fixed and longterm assets with the aim of further benefits, which in fact produces two types of artificially environment during this process namely the built environment for production, and the built environment for consumption.The third cycle is aiming to connect science to production and increase production capacity by investment in science and technology. When production of surplus value reduced in the first cycle, surplus value of second cycle increases through speculation and real estate transaction (real estate capital). Therefore, the owners of the lands and buildings are encouraged in production, trade and supply of these type assets.In the courtiers that are legally and administratively encounter with tax receipt problems, urban lands ownership is deposited to market system without any control, hosing transaction continues without any limitation, situation is moving forward to personal vested interests, asset value rises rather than production value, the price of land and construction increase severely. In the above mentioned condition, beneficiaries attempt convert the natural resources including park, mountain, river privacy and road privacy to marketable commodity and legally or quasi legally seize them. Therefore, unreasonable construction and population density increases and cityregion will encounter with environmental disasters. The main objective of this research is to understand the underlying factors of capital accumulation through construction and its impacts on createion and intensification of environmental disasters in the Tehran cityregion. Five different regions of Tehran were selected for data collection. Qmethodology was used for gathering and analyzing data. The society of communication or people whom the study sought to identify their mentality towards the research topic, were 25 experts selected through purposive sampling. To set the concourse of communication, a combination of primary (experts commented in an interview) and secondary (sources of credit) sources have been used and 34 statements have been developed. After sorting the data for analysis, SPSS software data matrix is ​​formed. Factor analysis, as main method of analyzing Q data matrix has been used based on Q logical methodology.The results of Q analysis depicted four viewpoints with variance of 95.911 percent on the underlying cause of capital accumulation through construction and its contribution on increasing risk of natural hazards in Tehran cityregion.The first viewpoint has devoted 52.800 percent of total variances and can be titled as Function of real estate transaction and Nonproductive economic domination .The second viewpoint which has received 18.914 percent of total variances is accordance with commodification of land and housing . The third viewpoint is management and monitoring of the cityregion space with 15.163 percent of total variances. The fourth viewpoints under the title of monitoring and control of natural resources has assigned 9.034 percent of total variances.As result of these processes, land and housing business have weakened society's productive capacity by extensive land use change in the urban peripheral area's due to its huge and quick profit. The above process accompany with selling excess density policy created a powerful political and economic stratum which harmed city sustainable development. The mountainous area of north, north east and west of Tehran, have annexed to metropolis as a result of above mentioned regulation and may gardens have converted to construction by different gropes and institutions.Q method analysis depicted that the Tehran CityRegion has converted from use value to exchange value. It means that values of the city including work, security, education, leisure and welfare have been lost in favor of exchange value. In other words, the city has been converted to a commodity for exchange and selling in pursuit of profit, rising cost of urban land, building and housing. Consequently, the cityregion construction site is extended to the river beds, steep slops and surrounding natural environment. This in turn is leading to rapid land use change and violation of environmental and spatial rules and regulations and intensification of environmental hazards.