تحلیل فضایی ـ زمانی مدیریت مخاطرات آنتروپوژنیکی معادن در ایران

مخاطرات در حیات بشر متاثر از دو نیروی انسانی و طبیعی ظهور و نمود می یابند. تاکنون این گونه بوده که انسان تاثیرگذارترین محرک پایابی مخاطرات و شدت دهی به آن بوده است. علت نقش آفرینی منفی انسان در صحنه ی زیستی به عوامل عدیده ای چون ناآگاهی، قدرت عمل و واکنش پایین، توان فناوری کم، ایدئولوژی های سلطه جویانه و رقابت باز می گردد. اما، در کل آنچه در نظام اجتماعی و مهندسی رفتار بشر (به خصوص در برخورد با طبیعت) به شدت تابعی از آن است، نظام مدیریتی است. یکی از رفتارهای متداول و مرسوم انسان ها، که در چارچوب نظام اقتصادی جای می گیرد، استخراج و بهره برداری از معادن است که دارای تبعات بی شماری برای اکوسیستم است. در واقع، معادن جلوه ای از کنش انسان در برخورد با طبیعت هستند که روز به روز بر دامنه ی فعالیتی آن افزوده می شود. ایران کشوری است که حیات اقتصادی آن در مقیاس خرد تا کلان بر پایه ی ذخایر عظیم معدنی مستقر در آن است. از سوی دیگر، بهره برداری از معادن در کشور دارای آثار گوناگون محیط زیستی است. در این تحقیق تلاش شده تا به تحلیل فضایی ـ زمانی پدیده ی انسان ساخت مخاطرات محیط زیستی معادن در حال بهره برداری کشور، تحت عنوان مخاطرات آنتروپوژنیکی معادن پرداخته شود که به طور عمده ناشی از نظام مدیریتی است. داده های مورد نیاز با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی و از مرکز آمار ایران برای دو سال 1388 و 1392 گردآوری شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل و پاسخ پرسش تحقیق، داده ها در 5 شاخص و 16 زیرشاخص دسته بندی شدند. سپس، به تهیه ی نقشه های توزیع درصدی معادن و فعالیت های محیط زیستی استان ها در نرم افزار geo datm و استفاده از روش تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره copras، مدل ahp و الگوریتم بیضوی انحراف معیار در gis.10 اقدام شد. نتایج نشان داد به رغم وجود معادن در همه ی مناطق کشور و گسترش بهره برداری از آن، توجه ها و ملاحظه های لازم برای کاهش یا تعدیل سازی آثار مخرب محیط زیستی معادن دایر در کشور وجود ندارد، به ویژه این که در زمینه ی اقتصادی کاهش دهی تخصیص سرمایه به تقویت بنیان های »زیست سازگار « کردن معادن در پیش گرفته شده است. پدیده ی »مخاطرات آنتروپوژنیکی معادن در حال بهره برداری ناشی از مدیریت «، می تواند در ایجاد و تشدید مخاطرات زیست محیطی فضا نقش اساسی داشته باشد و در پهنه ی سرزمینی ایران، مخاطرات آنتروپوژنیکی با سرعتی مضاعف در حال خزش به سوی کانون های مهم جمعیتی و بسترسازی برای بحران های گوناگون مخاطراتی است.

The Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Anthropogenic Hazards Management of Mines in Iran

The appearance of Hazards in human life is affected by natural and human forces. So far, human beings were the most powerful stimulant to create these hazards and to intensify them. The negative role of human beings in environment is caused by factors like lack of knowledge, weak reaction, technology lack, aggressive ideologies and competition; in social system, however, human behavioral engineering especially in dealing with nature is totally affected by management system.One of the common human behaviors which place in economic system framework is extraction and exploitation of Mines that has many consequences for ecosystem. In fact, Mines are the result of human beings reactions in dealing with nature which their activity ranges are increasing. According to microscale to macroscale in economics, economic life of a country like Iran is based on its huge natural/mineral recourses. On the other hand, environmental consequences of exploiting Mines in this country are numerous and varied. In this study, we tried to present a spatialtemporal analysis and explanation about environmental hazards phenomena in the case of exploiting Mines of the country caused by human beings with the title of anthropogenic hazards in Mines rdquo; that is totally a result of its respective management system.In terms of its objectives, this study is a practical research and it is a descriptiveanalytic one. For data collecting, we reviewed the existing literature and surveyed the data base in Statistical Center of Iran. These data are extracted from 2009 census and 2013 census (because of limited statistical domain) which belong to all the provinces of the country. To perform the analysis, these data are collected based on 5 indices and 16 subindices and after completing data base, percentage distribution graphs for Mines and environmental activities in the provinces (in 5 total framework) has been drawn by using GEO DaTM software. Following that, by using a multicriteria decision making method (COPPARS) all the regions are ranked according to the level of their environmental hazards in exploiting Mines. Finally, to illustrate the spatial pattern and method of hazards in Mines in the country on the studied period of time, based on COPRAS method, the calculated standard deviation ellipse was drawn in GIS which is according to 2009 and 2013 data. Studying the increasing number of Mines which are exploiting in the provinces of the country during 20092013 confirm that most of the provinces had experienced a positive growth during this period of time and among these areas Ardabil, Alborz, Ilam, Bushehr, Tehran, Kurdestan, Qazvin, Fars, Luristan and Hamadan provinces had experienced a negative growth and we can mention to other economic activities reinforcement as the reason of this negative growth such as services in Mines section rather than activities in this section, spatial location and the influence of border line or ignorance of planning system. On the whole we can conclude that in economic system of the country, there is a constant attention to Mines and expansion of their exploitation in the area. According to the findings of this study, we can conclude that in spite of the existence of Mines which are extracting in all around the country and the expansion of exploitation of these resources in these regions, required attention and consideration is not paid to decrease or modify destructive effects on environment in the case of Mines which are operating in the country, on the contrary indices such as investment and increasing the value of investment had decreased, and by considering the inflation in country, it can be said that economic attention to Mines management in the country to reinforce the basis of environmental compatible Mines is insignificant and declining. So it is not out of question that exploitation of these Mines in this country is an effective and intensifying factor to create and intensify other humanmade and natural hazards. In regional point of view, management activities which modify negative and destructive effects of exploiting this country's Mines (maybe in a small scale) are done by ignorance to regions that have predetermined hazards and it seems that other factors are used to conduct and strategize the environmental compatible management engineering in exploiting of the country's Mines not the systematic management factors; for example, according to Iran's Environmental Protection Organization (EPO) statement, Isfahan, Fars Yazd, Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces are dealing with the highest level of environmental hazards (IRNA, 2015), while these provinces have the most hazardous Mines and they are located in the limited area of anthropogenic hazards of Mines or they are close to regions that have maximum Mines ' hazards. In industrial provinces as Isfahan which are dealing with water scarcity and environmental pollution too, anthropogenic hazards of exploiting Mines which are the result of management could create hazards like different kinds of water and air pollutions and they also enforce spatial environmental hazards. Finally, according to spatiallocational movements or changes of place, related to anthropogenic hazards of exploiting Mines in Iran, it can be said that the dominant approach on economic system of region which is related to Mines is proceeding fast to important population centers of the country and similar problematic ecosystems which may cause the appearance of hazardous crisis in some parts of the country.