ارزیابی توان بوم‏شناختی طرح تجمیع روستاهای سیل‏زده در سایت پیشکمر با تاکید بر ابعادکالبدی و محیطی

در دهه های اخیر، سیاست اسکان مجدد از طریق جابه جایی و تجمیع یکی از اقدام های مهمی است که در کشور ما به کار گرفته شده است. اما چون جابه جایی های ناشی از حوادث غیرمترقبه ای مثل سیل حسب شرایط اضطراری لاجرم باید هرچه سریع تر صورت گیرد، معمولاً فرصتی برای ارزیابی های پیش از اجرا وجود ندارد. در نتیجه، بسیاری از طرح های اسکان مجدد چنان چه از حیث توان اکولوژیکی به طور دقیق ارزیابی نشوند ــ به رغم پیامدهای مثبتی که در زمینه ی خدمات رسانی دارند ــ ممکن است از حیث ابعاد محیطی ـ کالبدی دچار مسائلی شوند. چنین مسائلی همواره سبب نارضایتی ساکنان خواهد بود. از این رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی توان بوم شناختی و سنجش رضایت مندی اهالی ساکن در سایت پیشکمر صورت گرفت که حاصل تجمیع 12 روستای واقع در شهرستان کلاله است. این ارزیابی از نوع پس رویدادی و روش اجرای آن توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است. بر این اساس، ابتدا در فرآیندی چهار مرحله ای توان بوم شناختی سایت مذکور با بهره گیری از مدل توان اکولوژیکی و با استفاده از نقشه های پایه ی1:50000توپوگرافی،1:250000 زمین شناسی و نقشه ی1:100000 کاربری اراضی و حاصل خیزی خاک در محیط arcgisارزیابی شد. سپس، با پرسش نامه ی محقق ساخته، درجه ی رضایت مندی 200 نفر از ساکنان سایت تعیین گردید که بر اساس رابطه ی کوکران (به صورت نمونه ی تصادفی) انتخاب شده بودند. نتایج نشان داد که از ترکیب 330 سلول اولیه و هم پوشانی نقشه های گوناگون در نهایت 13 یگان زیست محیطی همگن به دست آمد. 67 درصد آن ها در کلاس با توان مناسب یک، 8/28 درصد در کلاس با توان مناسب دو و 2/4 درصد در کلاس سه ی نامناسب برای استقرار سکونتگاه واقع شده اند. در مجموع، این سایت توان بوم شناختی مناسبی دارد. همچنین، میزان رضایت مندی ساکنان از برخی شاخص های متاثر از شرایط بوم شناختی از جمله شیب سطحی و دفع آب، جهت گیری بنا از شبکه ی معابر، استحکام بنا و الگوی معماری مثبت است و در برخی شاخص ها مثل مقاومت خاک، جهت وزش بادهای محلی و همسازی با اقلیم منفی است.

Evaluation of Ecological Potentials of the Integration plan of the Flooded Villages’ in the Pishkamar Region of Golestan Province

Vulnerability to natural hazards is one of the most important issues of villages in Iran. Iran is listed in the first ten accidentprone countries in the world. It annually imposes many damages on villages through natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, etc. To tackle the problem, an important attempt was applied during the recent decades is the policy of resettlement. The mentioned policy has been followed in forms of movement, integration and aggregation of villages. As spatial foundation and location of settlements are mostly based on natural environmental factors, then before any attempt, or before any dislocation of the villages, ecological potential of the new place needs to be evaluated. However, as dislocations resulted from unpredicted events such as flood are associated with emergency conditions and would be done very quickly; there is not enough time for evaluation before the action. In result, conducting such plans, unlike their positive impacts on servicedelivery, cannot be quite welcomed due to ignoring the ecological and environmental factors which need to be considered before any actions. Therefore, such plans can create some negative consequences and be considered as nonsuccessful plans. One of the projects that have been implemented in connection with this issue in Golestan province is dislocating and integrating flooded villages on Kalaleh County during 2001 to 2006. Based on the mentioned plan, twelve villages which were located at higher section of Gorgan Roud and were aggregated and located at a new site named ldquo;PishKamar rdquo;. These villages were flooddamaged. Such a site was urgently constructed based on a topdown approach, urbanbased patterns and without considering the needs and ideas of stakeholders. So, such a plan needs to be evaluated and assessed against some normal and standard criteria. As such mistakes can be repeated elsewhere, recognizing the pros and cons of such plans would be a good guide and experience for the next projects. The present paper aims to evaluate the ecological potential, physical design of the site as well as measuring the levels of PishKamar site resident rsquo;s satisfaction. This study is a kind of the expost facto evaluation and its methodology is descriptive ndash; analytical. To do that, we have considered a foursteps ecological potential of the site using Makhdom rsquo;s model. We also have used the 1:50000 topography maps, 1:250000 geological maps, 1:100000 landuse maps and 1:100000 soil fertility and capacity. All layers were transferred into ArcGIS environment, for more analysis. Data collection was based on surveying, interview and questionnaire. The statistical sample include 1350 households heads resided at the studied site, of them 200 persons were randomly selected for data collection purposes(According to Cochran in the formula, standard deviation was 36%, test statistical was 1.96 and alpha; was equal to 0.05). The results of the first stage of our study indicated that based on 330 primary integrated cells and overlaying the maps, there would exist 13 homogenous ecological units. In addition, a significant proportion of the Makhdom indicators used to assess indices was confirmed by chisquare test. Accordingly, 67% of cells in class I with good ecological potential and 8/28% of the cells in the appropriate ecological class II and only 2.4 percent were in class 3 to be inappropriate ecologically. Thus, of total 13 units, 11 units with an area equivalent to 127 hectares were classified as class I and II, and environmental units with an area of three hectares in third class were inappropriate. Therefore, the studied site was evaluated as a good site in terms of ecological conditions. In addition, evaluation of residents' satisfaction mapping site in terms of compliance with the ecological conditions and the physical texture design which was based on systemic approach of sustainable development indicators was revealed that the maximum satisfaction of residents was related to house orientation and strength of buildings, road network design and architecture patterns.But the dimensions of environmental issues including soil resistance as a result of landslides, climate harmony with the architecture and the wind direction has not completely been considered. Totally, of 11 evaluated criteria, people were satisfied with 6 of them and disappointed with another 5 criteria. It was confirmed by Ttest.