ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری خانوارها در مواجهه با خطر سیلاب در نواحی روستایی: مطالعه موردی شهرستان‌های آق‌قلا و گمیشان

یک جنبه کلیدی مدیریت ریسک سیل، آگاهی از آسیب‌پذیری نظام های اجتماعی در سطح محلی است. هدف این تحقیق ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری خانوارهای روستایی به ریسک سیل در چارچوب مدیریت ریسک سیل است. اطلاعات لازم از نمونه ای شامل 194 و 191 نفر از سرپرستان خانوارها در 20 روستای شهرستان‌های آق‌قلا و گمیشان که در سال 1398 در معرض ریسک سیل قرار گرفته بودند، جمع آوری شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه‌ای بود که شامل متغیرهایی برای سنجش سه مولفه آسیب پذیری، شامل در معرض خطر سیل قرار گرفتن، حساسیت به خطر سیلاب و ظرفیت سازگاری برای بازیابی خود از تخریب‌های سیل بود. بر اساس این چارچوب، شاخص‌های مناسب برای ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری‌های خانوارهای روستایی تدوین و شاخص ترکیبی آسیب‌پذیری محاسبه شد. نتایج محاسبه شاخص ترکیبی سه مولفه آسیب پذیری در دو شهرستان آق قلا و گمیشان نشان داد که طیف وسیعی از شاخص های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، جمعیتی و محیطی می تواند بر سنجش آسیب پذیری خانوارها به سیل مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. محاسبات در سطح روستاهای منطقه بیانگر این بود که در هر دو شهرستان، دو مولفه در معرض بودن و حساسیت که نشان دهنده آسیب پذیری بیشتر به سیل هستند از مقدار میانگین بیشتر هستند. از طرفی، مولفه سازگاری که نشان‌دهنده آسیب پذیری کمتر به سیل است، در هر دو شهرستان از مقدار میانگین کمتر بود. نتایج مقایسه مولفه های آسیب پذیری و همچنین شاخص آسیب پذیری کل در بین روستاهای دو شهرستان آق قلا و گمیشان نشان داد که روستاهای شهرستان آق قلا هم در معرض بیشتر سیل قرار دارند و هم آسیب پذیری بیشتر از وقوع سیل دارند. با توجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی روستاهای آق قلا که زمان رسیدن سیلاب از بالادست زودتر برای آنها اتفاق می افتد احتمالا این نتیجه منطقی به نظر می رسد. در نهایت برخی راهبرد های کاهش آسیب پذیری خانوارها به خطر سیلاب با توجه به یافته ها پیشنهاد شد.

Vulnerability assessment of households to flood risk in the rural areas: case study of Aqqala and Gomishan Counties

Zoning map Vulnerability of Flood Spreading areas(Case study: Musian Flood spreading station in Ilam province) IntroductionOne of the flood plain hazards is a change in the pattern of surface flows due to natural factors or human activities. Changes in the stream pattern are the changes that occur due to the surface stream patterns in terms of the shape of the drains, drainage form and quantitative morphological indices of the basin. These changes ,by formation of flood, submersibility, erosion, longitudinal and transverse displacements of rivers and streams, environmental degradation, etc., have a great deal of risk and harm to residents of the land adjacent to the watersheds, including the demolition of residential buildings, valuable agriculture lands, facilities, river structures, buildings and relation routes, etc. There are several watersheds in the Musian Plain Basin that regularly change the direction of surface streams and, while displacing large volumes of sediments of erosionsensitive structures, degrades crops, rural dwellings, connection paths, facilities, Irrigation canals obstruction, water supply and a lot of financial and physical damage to the residents of the region. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, in 1997, the Dehloran flood spreading plan was carried out at a level of 5000 hectares from the Basin of Musian Plain. Although some of the changes in the dynamics of the region, such as stream pattern, flood control, supllying groundwater aquifers, etc., have been caused by the implementation of this plan, but the problem of the concentration of watersheds behind the embankments composed of sensitive formations ,and the release of these areas will have many financial and even physical losses. Therefore, with the implementation of this research, it is attempted to identify the domain and risks that threaten the lowlands and to identify the appropriate measures to prevent them from happening with the zoning and inspection of the vulnerable areas of the Musain Plain. MethodologyThis study was conducted in five stages to prepare a vulnerability map of the flood spreading area of ​​Mosian plain. First, the implementation phases of the flood distribution plan were separated. In the second stage, information layers of effective factors in changing the flow pattern and concentration of surface currents behind the flood spreading structures were prepared. These layers included elevation, slope, and direction classes, which were prepared based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extracted from the 1: 50,000 topographic maps of the Armed Forces Geographical Organization, as well as the layers of geological formations and land use changes. The lands were prepared based on the maps of the Geological Survey of Iran and the processing of Landsat satellite images of eight OLI sensors in 2013, respectively, by the method of determining educational samples. In the third stage, each class of effective factors in changing the flow pattern (mentioned layers) was given a score based on the range of zero to 10. The basis of the scores of the classes of each factor was according to the number of classes and the average of the total classes of that factor. The fourth stage in the GIS environment was created by combining the weight layers created, the vulnerability layer of the study area (quantitative map of vulnerability areas) of the basin. Then, by analyzing the vulnerability layer (filtering), the pixels and small units were removed or merged into larger units. The last (fifth) step was to classify the quantitative layer and then extract the qualitative map of the vulnerability zoning according to the range of scores based on the five very low, low, medium, severe and very severe classes. A summary of the research steps is shown in the form of a diagram. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosionsensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits. ConclusionBased on the results obtained by combining the information layersof the factors influencing the stream pattern change, the zoning map of vulnerable areas of the region was created in 5 classes. Except for very few and very small classes that are not present in the region, there are other cases at the basin level:Medium class:Includes about 16% of the basin. The existing watersheds in this part are ranked 1th class, and some of them are entering the rivers of Dojraj and Chiqab in the eastern and western parts. The formations of this part are often Bakhtyari and limitedly Aghajari. The floors have a height of 100 to 400 meters and the gradient is from 02 percent to 20 percent.Medium class: About 62% of the basin level. The watersheds that flow in this section are in 1to 5 class. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. It has a height of less than 100 meters to 300 meters and a gradient of 20 percent to 20 percent.very intense: it covers about 22% of the basinchr('39')s surface. The existing watersheds are of of class 2 and 3. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. They have height classes of 100 to 300 meters and the gradient is 52 percent and is limited to 5 to 10 percent in the slopes. Keywords: Vulnerability, Aquifer, zoning, Satellite imagery, Environmental hazards, Musian