نگرشی جدید بر زیست پذیری شهری تهران: آسایش حرارتی شرط اولیه برای ارتقاء کیفیت. نمونه موردی منطقه 22 تهران

زیست پذیری شهری بیان کننده چگونگی عملکرد سیستم شهر است، هماهنگی بین زیر سیستم های شهر باعث ارتقاء کیفیت زیست پذیری می شود. کالبد و ساختار فیزیکی شهر بایستی با محیط زیست طبیعی هماهنگ باشد تا جامعه اجتماعی در آن به رفاه اقتصادی و اجتماعی برسند که در نهایت منجر به رضایت و شادی شهروندان می شود. احساس رضایت و رفاه اجتماعی شهروندان در یک شهر طبیعی سالم و پاک اتفاق می افتد. همانطور که زندگی در شوره زار و یا اقلیم بسیار گرم رضایت ساکنین را ایجاد نمی کند، بی توجهی به محیط زیست طبیعی نمی تواند باعث ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی و رفاه شهروندان شود. این تحقیق سعی دارد بر اهمیت شرایط محیط زیست در شهر زیست پذیر بپردازد. در بین مولفه های محیط زیست، اقلیم و شرایط آب و هوایی مهمترین و بیشترین نقش را بر ارتقاء کیفیت زیست پذیری ایفا می کنند. بررسی کیفیت زیست پذیری شهری توسط سه رویکرد کالبدی، محیط زیست و ادراکی اجتماعی صورت گرفته است. در رویکرد کالبدی دو شاخص بسیار مهم ضریب دید آسمان (svf) و نسبت محصوریت یا ارتفاع به عرض خیابان (h/w) و در رویکرد محیط زیستی شاخص آسایش محیطی دمای معادل فیزیولوژیک (pet) در روزهای 16، 17 و 18 مرداد سال 1397 اندازه گیری و محاسبه شدند. همچنین ارزیابی ادراکی و ذهنی شرایط محیط طبیعی از طریق پرسشنامه های کیفی توسط استفاده کننده گان از دو نوع فضای عمومی ( پارک شهدای خلیج فارس و خیابان های شهری ) صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان دادند که میانگین آسایش حرارتی در فضاهای باز عمومی در سطح شرایط استرس زای شدید قرار دارد. در صورتیکه در خیابان های با ضریب دید آسمان کم و نسبت محصوریت بالا ، کمینه مقدار آسایش حرارتی دیده شد. ارتباط خطی مثبت بین دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی و احساس حرارتی استفاده کننده گان از فضا بدست آمد. رضایت از مطلوبیت آسایش حرارتی از سوی پرسش شوندگان چه در روز و چه در شب کمترین رای را به خود اختصاص داد. که در فصل تابستان با توجه به زمان اوج استفاده از فضاهای تفریحی نتیجه بسیار خوبی نمی باشد. این تحقیق نشان داد که ملاحظات محیطی در راستای ارتقاء کیفیت زیست پذیری و در نهایت توسعه پایدار در طراحی فضاهای شهری از سوی طراحان ، برنامه ریزان شهری و سازندگان در منطقه تازه ساخت 22 صورت نگرفته است . دانش استفاده از اقلیم و شاخص های آن ضروری است در مطالعات طرح جامع و تفصیلی شهری لحاظ شود.

A new Approach of Urban livability in Tehran: Thermal Comfort as a Primitive Condition to Enhance the Quality. Case study, District 22

A new Approach to Urban livability, Thermal Comfort as the Primitive Condition to enhance the livability: Case study, District 22 of Tehran. Ahmad Porahmad: Professor of Urban Geography and Planning, University of TehranHossain Hataminezhad: Professor of Urban Geography and Planning, University of Tehrankeramatollah Ziyari: Professor of Urban Geography and Planning, University of TehranSaeideh Alijani*: PhD candidate of Urban Geography and Planning, University of Tehran The concept of urban livability is defined as the quality of life and wellbeing of urban residents. That is the interaction of people, environment and built environment. The residents can achieve happy life and wellbeing only when the nature surrounding them is happy and healthy. According to the range of welfare concept there is a spectrum of quantitative indicators that directly measure (human body temperature, heart rate, air temperature, wind speed ...) and qualitative indicators such as quality of life, pleasure and joy. The comfort and ease of environment are in the middle of the spectrum, in other words, the intrinsic concept of ambient comfort is environment. The inadequacy of natural environment will affect both indicators in the spectrum and lead to citizens' dissatisfaction and decline in social welfare and threaten the health of humans. Living in a salty marsh or very dry hot climate is never happy and satisfied. Accordingly, many concepts such as living quality, living environment, and quality of place, quality of life and sustainability are often used interchangeably with livability). This research is trying to weight the natural environment at least equal to the other two components of the sustainable development triangle. Among the components of natural environment, climate is playing the most important and significant role. Urban climate affects all aspects of city including building interiors, city architecture and open spaces. Thermal comfort of open spaces promote the social life and interrelations of residents. Therefore, in order to promote the social relations and economic activities especial consideration should be paid to open spaces. Accordingly, two types of data were measured for calculating the thermal comfort in the district 22. Subjective and objective evaluations which present qualitative and quantitative data. Objective data includes micrometeorological measurements with mobile instruments. Subjective data evaluated actual sensation vote or perception vote of thermal comfort by people using the urban open spaces. To this goal, questionnaires were prepared and scattered through space users simultaneously with micrometeorological measurements. Subjective data evaluated perceptual sensation vote of thermal comfort by people using the urban open spaces in three hot days of August 2018. Nine points are selected for site measuring and field survey which are representative of two types of urban open spaces in this research:1) Urban park and 2) street. Four cardinal points were chosen adjacent to the Shohadaye Khalije Fars Lake inside the park located in sidewalk pathway around the Lake. Other five points were selected in streets with different orientation and aspect ratio through the district. The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), sky view factor (SVF) and aspect ratio (H/W) are the most important indicators in this research which were calculated for evaluating comfort in the district. Results showed that urban open spaces in the district are discomfort and expose people to the extreme heat stress; over 40 °C. This determines that, the natural environment especially around the Shohadaye Khalije Fars is not comfort. The questionnaire also indicated that people felt warm and dissatisfied. There is a high linear correlation between thermal comfort and mean radiant temperature and globe temperature. Therefore, it is concluded that thermal comfort in the district, is directly affected by urban areas. Also in the streets with low SVF and high aspect ratio, PET were calculated more comfortable than other streets. Point 5 at Naghibzade street, confirmed the effect of urban geometry on thermal comfort. Otherwise, the lack of tremendous trees for creating shade is visible especially around the lake. The high linear correlation between Tmrt and SVF around the lake confirmed the openness of the area and the high amount of solar radiation. Therefore, planting more trees for creating the shade effect is necessary. The perceptual analysis of thermal comfort indicated that by increasing of PET, people felt warmer. However, in a city like Tehran, people are more resistance to the heat stress. In addition, the characteristics of human body strongly depends on psychology and individual features and is a hard issue to predict. Otherwise, the people who felt warm were more than those felt slightly warm which indicates dissatisfaction of people. To be noticed that, thermal comfort of above 40 °C in summer is an alarm to urban planner and designers to rethink about climate consideration and global warming as a most important urban challenge in the district seriously. Besides, the consideration of thermal comfort and urban geometry should be imbedded into the comprehensive plan. This research proved that the climatic consideration for improving the quality of life and livability is important and urban designers and planners should rethink and review the comprehensive plan of Tehran to make a livable and sustainable city in the future.Keywords: urban livability, climate comfort, sustainable development, urban sustainability, urban geometry, physiologically equivalent temperature, district 22 of Tehran.